Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge
Dispersion-hardened materials based on TiC–AlnCn are alloys with high heat resistance, strength, and durability that can be used in aircraft and rocket technology as a hard lubricant. The titanium-rich composites of the Ti–Al–C system were synthesized via the spark plasma sintering process. Composit...
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2023-08-01
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| author | Rasa Kandrotaitė Janutienė Darius Mažeika Jaromír Dlouhý Olha Syzonenko Andrii Torpakov Evgenii Lipian Arūnas Baltušnikas |
| author_facet | Rasa Kandrotaitė Janutienė Darius Mažeika Jaromír Dlouhý Olha Syzonenko Andrii Torpakov Evgenii Lipian Arūnas Baltušnikas |
| author_sort | Rasa Kandrotaitė Janutienė |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dispersion-hardened materials based on TiC–AlnCn are alloys with high heat resistance, strength, and durability that can be used in aircraft and rocket technology as a hard lubricant. The titanium-rich composites of the Ti–Al–C system were synthesized via the spark plasma sintering process. Composite powder with 85% of Ti, 15% of Al, and MAX-phases was processed using high-voltage electrical discharge in kerosene at a specific energy of 25 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup> to obtain nanosized particles. This method allows us to analyze the most efficient, energy saving, and less waste-generating technological processes producing materials with improved mechanical and physical properties. An Innova test indentation machine was used to determine the hardness of the synthesized composites. The microhardness of Ti–Al–C system samples was determined as approximately 500–600 HV. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were performed to identify the hard titanium matrix reinforced by intermetallic phases and the clusters of carbides. Three types of reinforcing phases were detected existing in the composites—TiC, Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, and Al<sub>3</sub>Ti, as well as a matrix consisting of α- and β-titanium. The lattice parameters of all phases detected in the composites were calculated using Rietveld analysis. It was determined that by increasing the temperature of sintering, the amount of aluminum and carbon increases in the carbides and intermetallic phases, while the amount of titanium decreases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:18:58Z |
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| id | doaj.art-e204abb2b3b34227b98b81f136782616 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:18:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-e204abb2b3b34227b98b81f1367826162023-11-19T08:27:25ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-08-011617589410.3390/ma16175894Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical DischargeRasa Kandrotaitė Janutienė0Darius Mažeika1Jaromír Dlouhý2Olha Syzonenko3Andrii Torpakov4Evgenii Lipian5Arūnas Baltušnikas6Department of Production Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, LithuaniaDepartment of Production Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, LithuaniaCOMTES FHT a.s., 33441 Dobřany, Czech RepublicInstitute of Pulse Processes and Technologies, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 01030 Kyiv, UkraineInstitute of Pulse Processes and Technologies, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 01030 Kyiv, UkraineInstitute of Pulse Processes and Technologies, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 01030 Kyiv, UkraineLithuanian Energy Institute, 44403 Kaunas, LithuaniaDispersion-hardened materials based on TiC–AlnCn are alloys with high heat resistance, strength, and durability that can be used in aircraft and rocket technology as a hard lubricant. The titanium-rich composites of the Ti–Al–C system were synthesized via the spark plasma sintering process. Composite powder with 85% of Ti, 15% of Al, and MAX-phases was processed using high-voltage electrical discharge in kerosene at a specific energy of 25 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup> to obtain nanosized particles. This method allows us to analyze the most efficient, energy saving, and less waste-generating technological processes producing materials with improved mechanical and physical properties. An Innova test indentation machine was used to determine the hardness of the synthesized composites. The microhardness of Ti–Al–C system samples was determined as approximately 500–600 HV. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were performed to identify the hard titanium matrix reinforced by intermetallic phases and the clusters of carbides. Three types of reinforcing phases were detected existing in the composites—TiC, Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, and Al<sub>3</sub>Ti, as well as a matrix consisting of α- and β-titanium. The lattice parameters of all phases detected in the composites were calculated using Rietveld analysis. It was determined that by increasing the temperature of sintering, the amount of aluminum and carbon increases in the carbides and intermetallic phases, while the amount of titanium decreases.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/17/5894electron microscopycompositespowder methodsspark plasma sinteringhigh-voltage electrical discharge |
| spellingShingle | Rasa Kandrotaitė Janutienė Darius Mažeika Jaromír Dlouhý Olha Syzonenko Andrii Torpakov Evgenii Lipian Arūnas Baltušnikas Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge Materials electron microscopy composites powder methods spark plasma sintering high-voltage electrical discharge |
| title | Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge |
| title_full | Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge |
| title_short | Investigation of the Microstructure of Sintered Ti–Al–C Composite Powder Materials under High-Voltage Electrical Discharge |
| title_sort | investigation of the microstructure of sintered ti al c composite powder materials under high voltage electrical discharge |
| topic | electron microscopy composites powder methods spark plasma sintering high-voltage electrical discharge |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/17/5894 |
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