Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial
Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic increased psychological stress and decreased sleep quality, especially among young people. Aromatherapy alleviates psychological stress, and bergamot essential oil helps improve depression. This study aimed to verify whether bergamot essential oil use alleviates psy...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Complementary Therapies in Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229923000638 |
| _version_ | 1797685333512421376 |
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| author | Nobuyuki Wakui Chikako Togawa Kotoha Ichikawa Raini Matsuoka Mai Watanabe Aika Okami Shunsuke Shirozu Miho Yamamura Yoshiaki Machida |
| author_facet | Nobuyuki Wakui Chikako Togawa Kotoha Ichikawa Raini Matsuoka Mai Watanabe Aika Okami Shunsuke Shirozu Miho Yamamura Yoshiaki Machida |
| author_sort | Nobuyuki Wakui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic increased psychological stress and decreased sleep quality, especially among young people. Aromatherapy alleviates psychological stress, and bergamot essential oil helps improve depression. This study aimed to verify whether bergamot essential oil use alleviates psychological stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic and improves sleep quality and morning wakefulness. Design: A placebo-controlled, randomized, open-label, two-arm, two-period crossover trial. Interventions: Each intervention period was 1 week, with a 1-week washout period between the two periods. Participants used a bergamot or placebo spray before bedtime and upon awakening in each period. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were sleep quality and morning wakefulness, assessed using the Ogri-Shirakawa-Azumi sleep inventory MA version (OSA-MA). The secondary outcome measures were depression, anxiety, and stress, assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Results: A total of 48 university students participated in the study. A significant improvement was observed in “sleepiness on rising,” “refreshing on rising,” and “sleep length” in the bergamot group. Additionally, a significant improvement was observed in depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: Using bergamot essential oil before bedtime helps relax the mind and body and provides sound sleep. It also improves mood and wakefulness when used upon awakening. Using aromatic essential oils is expected to relieve psychological stress and improve sleep quality and morning wakefulness. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:42:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e20f701cbe534ca4b2ad3921fe1cae16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0965-2299 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:42:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Complementary Therapies in Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-e20f701cbe534ca4b2ad3921fe1cae162023-09-15T04:39:07ZengElsevierComplementary Therapies in Medicine0965-22992023-10-0177102976Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trialNobuyuki Wakui0Chikako Togawa1Kotoha Ichikawa2Raini Matsuoka3Mai Watanabe4Aika Okami5Shunsuke Shirozu6Miho Yamamura7Yoshiaki Machida8Corresponding author.; Division of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanDivision of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, JapanObjectives: The COVID-19 pandemic increased psychological stress and decreased sleep quality, especially among young people. Aromatherapy alleviates psychological stress, and bergamot essential oil helps improve depression. This study aimed to verify whether bergamot essential oil use alleviates psychological stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic and improves sleep quality and morning wakefulness. Design: A placebo-controlled, randomized, open-label, two-arm, two-period crossover trial. Interventions: Each intervention period was 1 week, with a 1-week washout period between the two periods. Participants used a bergamot or placebo spray before bedtime and upon awakening in each period. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were sleep quality and morning wakefulness, assessed using the Ogri-Shirakawa-Azumi sleep inventory MA version (OSA-MA). The secondary outcome measures were depression, anxiety, and stress, assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Results: A total of 48 university students participated in the study. A significant improvement was observed in “sleepiness on rising,” “refreshing on rising,” and “sleep length” in the bergamot group. Additionally, a significant improvement was observed in depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: Using bergamot essential oil before bedtime helps relax the mind and body and provides sound sleep. It also improves mood and wakefulness when used upon awakening. Using aromatic essential oils is expected to relieve psychological stress and improve sleep quality and morning wakefulness.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229923000638BergamotAroma sprayEssential oilOSA-MADASS-21 |
| spellingShingle | Nobuyuki Wakui Chikako Togawa Kotoha Ichikawa Raini Matsuoka Mai Watanabe Aika Okami Shunsuke Shirozu Miho Yamamura Yoshiaki Machida Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial Complementary Therapies in Medicine Bergamot Aroma spray Essential oil OSA-MA DASS-21 |
| title | Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial |
| title_full | Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial |
| title_fullStr | Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial |
| title_short | Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial |
| title_sort | relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening a randomized crossover trial |
| topic | Bergamot Aroma spray Essential oil OSA-MA DASS-21 |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229923000638 |
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