<i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis
Solubility of phytoconstituents depends on the polarity of the extraction medium used, which might result in the different pharmacological responses of extracts. In line with this, ethnomedicinally important food plant (i.e., <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> extracts) have been made in fourt...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/24/7530 |
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| author | Muhammad Waleed Baig Madiha Ahmed Nosheen Akhtar Mohammad K. Okla Bakht Nasir Ihsan-Ul Haq Jihan Al-Ghamdi Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani Hamada AbdElgawad |
| author_facet | Muhammad Waleed Baig Madiha Ahmed Nosheen Akhtar Mohammad K. Okla Bakht Nasir Ihsan-Ul Haq Jihan Al-Ghamdi Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani Hamada AbdElgawad |
| author_sort | Muhammad Waleed Baig |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Solubility of phytoconstituents depends on the polarity of the extraction medium used, which might result in the different pharmacological responses of extracts. In line with this, ethnomedicinally important food plant (i.e., <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> extracts) have been made in fourteen distinct solvent systems that were then analyzed phytochemically via total phenolic amount estimation, total flavonoid amount estimation, and HPLC detection and quantification of the selected polyphenols. Test extracts were then subjected to a battery of in vitro assays i.e., antioxidants (DDPH scavenging, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power estimation), antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial), cytotoxic (brine shrimps, THP-1 human leukemia cell lines and normal lymphocytes), and protein kinase inhibition assays. Maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents were computed in distilled water–acetone and acetone extracts (i.e., 16 ± 1 μg/mg extract and 8 ± 0.4/mg extract, respectively). HPLC-DAD quantified rutin (0.58 µg/mg extract) and gallic acid (0.4 µg/mg extract) in methanol–ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, respectively. Water–acetone extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging of 36 ± 1%. Total reducing potential of 76.0 ± 1 μg/mg extract was shown by ethanol chloroform while maximum total antioxidant capacity was depicted by the acetone extract (92.21 ± 0.70 μg/mg extract). Maximal antifungal effect against <i>Mucor sp.</i>, antileishmanial, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, THP-1 cell line cytotoxicity, and protein kinase inhibitory activities were shown by ethyl acetate-methanol (MIC: 50 µg/disc), n-hexane (IC<sub>50</sub>: 120.8 ± 3.7 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (LD<sub>50</sub>: 29.94 ± 1.6 µg/mL), distilled water–acetone (IC<sub>50</sub>: 118 ± 3.4 µg/mL) and methanol–chloroform (ZOI: 19 ± 1 mm) extracts, respectively. Our findings show the dependency of phytochemicals and bioactivities on the polarity of the extraction solvent and our preliminary screening suggests the <i>C. tuberculata</i> extract formulations to be tested and used in different ailments, however, detailed studies remain necessary for corroboration with our results. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:29:45Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:29:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e23169b59de449f984c699d8ae07739f2023-11-23T09:45:31ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-12-012624753010.3390/molecules26247530<i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological AnalysisMuhammad Waleed Baig0Madiha Ahmed1Nosheen Akhtar2Mohammad K. Okla3Bakht Nasir4Ihsan-Ul Haq5Jihan Al-Ghamdi6Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani7Hamada AbdElgawad8Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaIntegrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, BelgiumSolubility of phytoconstituents depends on the polarity of the extraction medium used, which might result in the different pharmacological responses of extracts. In line with this, ethnomedicinally important food plant (i.e., <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> extracts) have been made in fourteen distinct solvent systems that were then analyzed phytochemically via total phenolic amount estimation, total flavonoid amount estimation, and HPLC detection and quantification of the selected polyphenols. Test extracts were then subjected to a battery of in vitro assays i.e., antioxidants (DDPH scavenging, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power estimation), antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial), cytotoxic (brine shrimps, THP-1 human leukemia cell lines and normal lymphocytes), and protein kinase inhibition assays. Maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents were computed in distilled water–acetone and acetone extracts (i.e., 16 ± 1 μg/mg extract and 8 ± 0.4/mg extract, respectively). HPLC-DAD quantified rutin (0.58 µg/mg extract) and gallic acid (0.4 µg/mg extract) in methanol–ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, respectively. Water–acetone extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging of 36 ± 1%. Total reducing potential of 76.0 ± 1 μg/mg extract was shown by ethanol chloroform while maximum total antioxidant capacity was depicted by the acetone extract (92.21 ± 0.70 μg/mg extract). Maximal antifungal effect against <i>Mucor sp.</i>, antileishmanial, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, THP-1 cell line cytotoxicity, and protein kinase inhibitory activities were shown by ethyl acetate-methanol (MIC: 50 µg/disc), n-hexane (IC<sub>50</sub>: 120.8 ± 3.7 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (LD<sub>50</sub>: 29.94 ± 1.6 µg/mL), distilled water–acetone (IC<sub>50</sub>: 118 ± 3.4 µg/mL) and methanol–chloroform (ZOI: 19 ± 1 mm) extracts, respectively. Our findings show the dependency of phytochemicals and bioactivities on the polarity of the extraction solvent and our preliminary screening suggests the <i>C. tuberculata</i> extract formulations to be tested and used in different ailments, however, detailed studies remain necessary for corroboration with our results.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/24/7530<i>Caralluma</i>phytochemicalantimicrobialcytotoxicityantioxidantprotein kinase |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Waleed Baig Madiha Ahmed Nosheen Akhtar Mohammad K. Okla Bakht Nasir Ihsan-Ul Haq Jihan Al-Ghamdi Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani Hamada AbdElgawad <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis Molecules <i>Caralluma</i> phytochemical antimicrobial cytotoxicity antioxidant protein kinase |
| title | <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis |
| title_full | <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis |
| title_fullStr | <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis |
| title_short | <i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis |
| title_sort | i caralluma tuberculata i n e br manifests extraction medium reliant disparity in phytochemical and pharmacological analysis |
| topic | <i>Caralluma</i> phytochemical antimicrobial cytotoxicity antioxidant protein kinase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/24/7530 |
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