Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance
In this research, the cold spray process as an additive manufacturing method was applied to deposit thick titanium coatings onto 7075 aluminium alloy. An analysis of changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings depending on the standoff distance was carried out to obtain t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/19/5492 |
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| author | Wojciech Żórawski Rafał Molak Janusz Mądry Jarosław Sienicki Anna Góral Medard Makrenek Mieczysław Scendo Romuald Dobosz |
| author_facet | Wojciech Żórawski Rafał Molak Janusz Mądry Jarosław Sienicki Anna Góral Medard Makrenek Mieczysław Scendo Romuald Dobosz |
| author_sort | Wojciech Żórawski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this research, the cold spray process as an additive manufacturing method was applied to deposit thick titanium coatings onto 7075 aluminium alloy. An analysis of changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings depending on the standoff distance was carried out to obtain the maximum deposition efficiency. The process parameters were selected in such a way as to ensure the spraying of irregular titanium powder at the highest velocity and temperature and changing the standoff distance from 20 to 100 mm. Experimental studies demonstrated that the standoff distance had a significant effect on the microstructure of the coatings and their adhesion. Moreover, its rise significantly increased the deposition efficiency. The standoff distance also significantly affected the coating microstructure and their adhesion to the substrate, but did not cause any changes in their phase composition. The standoff distance also influenced the coating porosity, which first decreased to a minimum level of 0.2% and then increased significantly to 9.8%. At the same time, the hardness of the coatings increased by 30%. Numerical simulations confirmed the results of the tests. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:57:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e24ea9ab1f7e4bbe8fe5ff86013cd34a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:57:25Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-e24ea9ab1f7e4bbe8fe5ff86013cd34a2023-11-22T16:22:39ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-09-011419549210.3390/ma14195492Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff DistanceWojciech Żórawski0Rafał Molak1Janusz Mądry2Jarosław Sienicki3Anna Góral4Medard Makrenek5Mieczysław Scendo6Romuald Dobosz7Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45c, 15-351 Białystok, PolandPolskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o., Wojska Polskiego 3, 39-300 Mielec, PolandPolskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o., Wojska Polskiego 3, 39-300 Mielec, PolandInstitute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Management and Computer Modeling, Kielce University of Technology, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, PolandInstitute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Żeromskiego 5, 25-406 Kielce, PolandFaculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, PolandIn this research, the cold spray process as an additive manufacturing method was applied to deposit thick titanium coatings onto 7075 aluminium alloy. An analysis of changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings depending on the standoff distance was carried out to obtain the maximum deposition efficiency. The process parameters were selected in such a way as to ensure the spraying of irregular titanium powder at the highest velocity and temperature and changing the standoff distance from 20 to 100 mm. Experimental studies demonstrated that the standoff distance had a significant effect on the microstructure of the coatings and their adhesion. Moreover, its rise significantly increased the deposition efficiency. The standoff distance also significantly affected the coating microstructure and their adhesion to the substrate, but did not cause any changes in their phase composition. The standoff distance also influenced the coating porosity, which first decreased to a minimum level of 0.2% and then increased significantly to 9.8%. At the same time, the hardness of the coatings increased by 30%. Numerical simulations confirmed the results of the tests.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/19/5492cold sprayingtitaniumadditive manufacturingstandoff distancedeposition efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Wojciech Żórawski Rafał Molak Janusz Mądry Jarosław Sienicki Anna Góral Medard Makrenek Mieczysław Scendo Romuald Dobosz Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance Materials cold spraying titanium additive manufacturing standoff distance deposition efficiency |
| title | Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance |
| title_full | Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance |
| title_fullStr | Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance |
| title_short | Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Titanium Deposition for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing as a Function of Standoff Distance |
| title_sort | experimental and numerical investigations of titanium deposition for cold spray additive manufacturing as a function of standoff distance |
| topic | cold spraying titanium additive manufacturing standoff distance deposition efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/19/5492 |
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