Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis
As the use of pesticides increases year after year, so does the level of residual pesticides in the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to non-target organisms. Difenoconazole (DFZ), a class of long-lasting fungicides and residues in the marine environment, has been shown to cause damaging...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322004031 |
| _version_ | 1829112932634460160 |
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| author | Feixue Liu Xueqing Li Babatunde Kazeem Bello Tianmeng Zhang Haitao Yang Kun Wang Jingquan Dong |
| author_facet | Feixue Liu Xueqing Li Babatunde Kazeem Bello Tianmeng Zhang Haitao Yang Kun Wang Jingquan Dong |
| author_sort | Feixue Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As the use of pesticides increases year after year, so does the level of residual pesticides in the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to non-target organisms. Difenoconazole (DFZ), a class of long-lasting fungicides and residues in the marine environment, has been shown to cause damaging effects on different organs of aquatic organisms. However, there is no research on the damage of DFZ to carp spleen tissue. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxic effects of DFZ on the spleen tissue of carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing juvenile carp to environmentally relevant concentrations of DFZ. We randomly selected 30 carp, divided them into the Control, Low, and High groups, and then exposed the three groups to 0, 0.488 mg/L DFZ, and 1.953 mg/L DFZ for 96 h respectively. We then investigated the toxic effects caused by DFZ on carp and spleen tissues by detecting changes in spleen histopathologic damage, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood biochemical parameters. We found that DFZ causes severe histopathology in spleen tissue, including ballooning, structural relaxation, and giant mitochondria. In addition, we found that DFZ caused excessive apoptosis in spleen tissue by TUNEL staining and expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, fas, bax, bcl-2, and p53). The activities and transcript levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were significantly down-regulated. In addition, DFZ led to a significant increase in activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines il-6, il-1β, and tnf-α, and a substantial decrease in mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and tgf-β1 in spleen tissue. Blood biochemical parameters showed that DFZ exposure significantly reduced erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, C3, and IgM levels. Collectively, DFZ exposure induced apoptosis, immunosuppression, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the spleen tissue of carp, resulting in spleen tissue damage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T15:27:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e25c454af6fb41ba8e8f774b2eaddef6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T15:27:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-e25c454af6fb41ba8e8f774b2eaddef62022-12-22T00:20:14ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132022-06-01237113563Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosisFeixue Liu0Xueqing Li1Babatunde Kazeem Bello2Tianmeng Zhang3Haitao Yang4Kun Wang5Jingquan Dong6Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang 222000, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China; Corresponding author at: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Corresponding author.As the use of pesticides increases year after year, so does the level of residual pesticides in the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to non-target organisms. Difenoconazole (DFZ), a class of long-lasting fungicides and residues in the marine environment, has been shown to cause damaging effects on different organs of aquatic organisms. However, there is no research on the damage of DFZ to carp spleen tissue. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxic effects of DFZ on the spleen tissue of carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing juvenile carp to environmentally relevant concentrations of DFZ. We randomly selected 30 carp, divided them into the Control, Low, and High groups, and then exposed the three groups to 0, 0.488 mg/L DFZ, and 1.953 mg/L DFZ for 96 h respectively. We then investigated the toxic effects caused by DFZ on carp and spleen tissues by detecting changes in spleen histopathologic damage, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood biochemical parameters. We found that DFZ causes severe histopathology in spleen tissue, including ballooning, structural relaxation, and giant mitochondria. In addition, we found that DFZ caused excessive apoptosis in spleen tissue by TUNEL staining and expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, fas, bax, bcl-2, and p53). The activities and transcript levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were significantly down-regulated. In addition, DFZ led to a significant increase in activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines il-6, il-1β, and tnf-α, and a substantial decrease in mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and tgf-β1 in spleen tissue. Blood biochemical parameters showed that DFZ exposure significantly reduced erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, C3, and IgM levels. Collectively, DFZ exposure induced apoptosis, immunosuppression, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the spleen tissue of carp, resulting in spleen tissue damage.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322004031DifenoconazoleSpleenOxidative stressApoptosisInflammationImmunotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Feixue Liu Xueqing Li Babatunde Kazeem Bello Tianmeng Zhang Haitao Yang Kun Wang Jingquan Dong Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Difenoconazole Spleen Oxidative stress Apoptosis Inflammation Immunotoxicity |
| title | Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis |
| title_full | Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis |
| title_fullStr | Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis |
| title_short | Difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis |
| title_sort | difenoconazole causes spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction of carp through oxidative stress and apoptosis |
| topic | Difenoconazole Spleen Oxidative stress Apoptosis Inflammation Immunotoxicity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322004031 |
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