Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins
Amino acid sequences of proteins are encoded in nucleic acids composed of four letters, A, G, C, and T(U). However, this four-letter alphabet coding system limits further functionalities of proteins by the twenty letters of amino acids. If we expand the genetic code or develop alternative codes, we...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.851646/full |
| _version_ | 1811255685712707584 |
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| author | Michiko Kimoto Ichiro Hirao |
| author_facet | Michiko Kimoto Ichiro Hirao |
| author_sort | Michiko Kimoto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Amino acid sequences of proteins are encoded in nucleic acids composed of four letters, A, G, C, and T(U). However, this four-letter alphabet coding system limits further functionalities of proteins by the twenty letters of amino acids. If we expand the genetic code or develop alternative codes, we could create novel biological systems and biotechnologies by the site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids (or unnatural amino acids, unAAs) into proteins. To this end, new codons and their complementary anticodons are required for unAAs. In this review, we introduce the current status of methods to incorporate new amino acids into proteins by in vitro and in vivo translation systems, by focusing on the creation of new codon-anticodon interactions, including unnatural base pair systems for genetic alphabet expansion. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T17:28:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e25d1d497ee64176b30c5d90ade517aa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-889X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T17:28:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e25d1d497ee64176b30c5d90ade517aa2022-12-22T03:23:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences2296-889X2022-05-01910.3389/fmolb.2022.851646851646Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into ProteinsMichiko KimotoIchiro HiraoAmino acid sequences of proteins are encoded in nucleic acids composed of four letters, A, G, C, and T(U). However, this four-letter alphabet coding system limits further functionalities of proteins by the twenty letters of amino acids. If we expand the genetic code or develop alternative codes, we could create novel biological systems and biotechnologies by the site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids (or unnatural amino acids, unAAs) into proteins. To this end, new codons and their complementary anticodons are required for unAAs. In this review, we introduce the current status of methods to incorporate new amino acids into proteins by in vitro and in vivo translation systems, by focusing on the creation of new codon-anticodon interactions, including unnatural base pair systems for genetic alphabet expansion.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.851646/fulltranslationgenetic alphabet expansionunnatural amino acidgenetic code expansionunnatural base pair |
| spellingShingle | Michiko Kimoto Ichiro Hirao Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences translation genetic alphabet expansion unnatural amino acid genetic code expansion unnatural base pair |
| title | Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins |
| title_full | Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins |
| title_short | Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins |
| title_sort | genetic code engineering by natural and unnatural base pair systems for the site specific incorporation of non standard amino acids into proteins |
| topic | translation genetic alphabet expansion unnatural amino acid genetic code expansion unnatural base pair |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.851646/full |
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