Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) has been increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry to monitor essential parameters in real-time during pharmaceutical processes. The concentration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), such as paracetamol, is one of these parameters, and controlling...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Photonics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/1/50 |
| _version_ | 1797437742469087232 |
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| author | Liliana Soares Rosa Ana Pérez-Herrera Susana Novais António Ferreira Susana Silva Orlando Frazão |
| author_facet | Liliana Soares Rosa Ana Pérez-Herrera Susana Novais António Ferreira Susana Silva Orlando Frazão |
| author_sort | Liliana Soares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Process Analytical Technology (PAT) has been increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry to monitor essential parameters in real-time during pharmaceutical processes. The concentration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), such as paracetamol, is one of these parameters, and controlling its variations allows for optimization of the production process. In this study, a refractometric sensor, implemented by an interrogation system based on an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity (EDFRC), was presented and experimentally demonstrated. The Cavity Ring proposed included a 1 × 3 coupler. One port of the coupler was used to increase the optical power of the system through a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), and the other two ports were used as sensing head and reference. The sensor detected variations of paracetamol concentration with a sensitivity of [(−1.00 ± 0.05) × 10<sup>−3</sup>] nW/(g/kg) and a resolution of 5.53 g/kg. The results demonstrate the potential of this technology as a possible non-invasive PAT tool. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:27:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e26a434eb42544d4a29324345edd5f74 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-6732 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:27:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj.art-e26a434eb42544d4a29324345edd5f742023-12-01T00:01:50ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322023-01-011015010.3390/photonics10010050Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring CavityLiliana Soares0Rosa Ana Pérez-Herrera1Susana Novais2António Ferreira3Susana Silva4Orlando Frazão5INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4150-179 Porto, PortugalDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, SpainINESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4150-179 Porto, PortugalLEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalINESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4150-179 Porto, PortugalINESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4150-179 Porto, PortugalProcess Analytical Technology (PAT) has been increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry to monitor essential parameters in real-time during pharmaceutical processes. The concentration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), such as paracetamol, is one of these parameters, and controlling its variations allows for optimization of the production process. In this study, a refractometric sensor, implemented by an interrogation system based on an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity (EDFRC), was presented and experimentally demonstrated. The Cavity Ring proposed included a 1 × 3 coupler. One port of the coupler was used to increase the optical power of the system through a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), and the other two ports were used as sensing head and reference. The sensor detected variations of paracetamol concentration with a sensitivity of [(−1.00 ± 0.05) × 10<sup>−3</sup>] nW/(g/kg) and a resolution of 5.53 g/kg. The results demonstrate the potential of this technology as a possible non-invasive PAT tool.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/1/50process analytical technologyconcentrationparacetamolring cavityerbium-doped fiber |
| spellingShingle | Liliana Soares Rosa Ana Pérez-Herrera Susana Novais António Ferreira Susana Silva Orlando Frazão Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity Photonics process analytical technology concentration paracetamol ring cavity erbium-doped fiber |
| title | Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity |
| title_full | Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity |
| title_fullStr | Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity |
| title_short | Measurement of Paracetamol Concentration Using an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Cavity |
| title_sort | measurement of paracetamol concentration using an erbium doped fiber ring cavity |
| topic | process analytical technology concentration paracetamol ring cavity erbium-doped fiber |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/1/50 |
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