Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases
A moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced under normal conditions, where they play an important role in cell signaling and are involved in many aspects of the immune response to pathogens. On the other hand, the excessive production of ROS destructs macromolecules, cell membrane...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15471 |
| _version_ | 1797457363097092096 |
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| author | Jaeeun Lee Min-Hyun Kim Hyeyoung Kim |
| author_facet | Jaeeun Lee Min-Hyun Kim Hyeyoung Kim |
| author_sort | Jaeeun Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced under normal conditions, where they play an important role in cell signaling and are involved in many aspects of the immune response to pathogens. On the other hand, the excessive production of ROS destructs macromolecules, cell membranes, and DNA, and activates pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, which may lead to various pathologic conditions. Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is constantly exposed to ROS due to the presence of bacteria and other infectious pathogens in food, as well as alcohol consumption, smoking, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Prolonged excessive oxidative stress and inflammation are two major risk factors for GI disorders such as ulcers and cancers. Bioactive food compounds with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity have been tested in experimental GI disease models to evaluate their therapeutic potential. Astaxanthin (AST) is a fat-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid that is naturally present in algae, yeast, salmon, shrimp, and krill. It has been shown that AST exhibits protective effects against GI diseases via multiple mechanisms. Residing at the surface and inside of cell membranes, AST directly neutralizes ROS and lipid peroxyl radicals, enhances the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, and suppresses pro-inflammatory transcription factors and cytokines. In addition, AST has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis via modulating cell proliferation-related pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy. Considering the potential benefits of AST in GI diseases, this review paper aims to summarize recent advances in AST research, focusing on its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against gastric and intestinal ulcers and cancers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:21:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e26ed74fbc6e44d190727c9305c8a02a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:21:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e26ed74fbc6e44d190727c9305c8a02a2023-11-24T15:22:02ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0123241547110.3390/ijms232415471Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal DiseasesJaeeun Lee0Min-Hyun Kim1Hyeyoung Kim2Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of KoreaCollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USADepartment of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of KoreaA moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced under normal conditions, where they play an important role in cell signaling and are involved in many aspects of the immune response to pathogens. On the other hand, the excessive production of ROS destructs macromolecules, cell membranes, and DNA, and activates pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, which may lead to various pathologic conditions. Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is constantly exposed to ROS due to the presence of bacteria and other infectious pathogens in food, as well as alcohol consumption, smoking, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Prolonged excessive oxidative stress and inflammation are two major risk factors for GI disorders such as ulcers and cancers. Bioactive food compounds with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity have been tested in experimental GI disease models to evaluate their therapeutic potential. Astaxanthin (AST) is a fat-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid that is naturally present in algae, yeast, salmon, shrimp, and krill. It has been shown that AST exhibits protective effects against GI diseases via multiple mechanisms. Residing at the surface and inside of cell membranes, AST directly neutralizes ROS and lipid peroxyl radicals, enhances the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, and suppresses pro-inflammatory transcription factors and cytokines. In addition, AST has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis via modulating cell proliferation-related pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy. Considering the potential benefits of AST in GI diseases, this review paper aims to summarize recent advances in AST research, focusing on its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against gastric and intestinal ulcers and cancers.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15471astaxanthinoxidative stressinflammationgastrointestinal diseases |
| spellingShingle | Jaeeun Lee Min-Hyun Kim Hyeyoung Kim Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases International Journal of Molecular Sciences astaxanthin oxidative stress inflammation gastrointestinal diseases |
| title | Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| title_full | Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| title_short | Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| title_sort | anti oxidant and anti inflammatory effects of astaxanthin on gastrointestinal diseases |
| topic | astaxanthin oxidative stress inflammation gastrointestinal diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15471 |
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