Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station
The Partner Agencies of the International Space Station (ISS) maintain separate career exposure limits and shared Flight Rules that control the ionising radiation exposures that crewmembers can experience due to ambient environments throughout their space missions. In low Earth orbit as well as furt...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S093938892300082X |
| _version_ | 1797294367250055168 |
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| author | Mark Shavers Edward Semones Leena Tomi Jing Chen Ulrich Straube Tatsuto Komiyama Vyacheslav Shurshakov Chunsheng Li Werner Rühm |
| author_facet | Mark Shavers Edward Semones Leena Tomi Jing Chen Ulrich Straube Tatsuto Komiyama Vyacheslav Shurshakov Chunsheng Li Werner Rühm |
| author_sort | Mark Shavers |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Partner Agencies of the International Space Station (ISS) maintain separate career exposure limits and shared Flight Rules that control the ionising radiation exposures that crewmembers can experience due to ambient environments throughout their space missions. In low Earth orbit as well as further out in space, energetic ions referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) easily penetrate spacecraft and spacecraft contents and consequently are always present at low dose rates. Protons and electrons that are trapped in the Earth’s geomagnetic field are encountered intermittently, and a rare energetic solar particle event (SPE) may expose crew to (mostly) energetic protons. Space radiation protection goals are to optimize radiation exposures to maintain deleterious late effects at known and acceptable levels and to prevent any early effects that might compromise crew health and mission success. The conventional radiation protection metric effective dose provides a basic framework for limiting exposures associated with human spaceflight and can be communicated to all stakeholders. Additional metrics and uncertainty analyses are required to understand more completely and to convey nuanced information about potential impacts to an individual astronaut or to a space mission. Missions to remote destinations well beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO) are upcoming and bestow additional challenges that shape design and radiation protection needs. NASA has recently adopted a more permissive career exposure limit based upon effective dose and new restrictions on mission exposures imposed by nuclear technologies. This manuscript reviews the exposure limits that apply to the ISS crewmembers. This work was performed in collaboration with the advisory and guidance efforts of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 115 and will be summarized in an upcoming ICRP Report. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:29:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e2838980d1584ebca7798b3cc4178b74 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0939-3889 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:29:12Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2838980d1584ebca7798b3cc4178b742024-02-27T04:19:34ZengElsevierZeitschrift für Medizinische Physik0939-38892024-02-013411430Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space StationMark Shavers0Edward Semones1Leena Tomi2Jing Chen3Ulrich Straube4Tatsuto Komiyama5Vyacheslav Shurshakov6Chunsheng Li7Werner Rühm8KBR Human Health and Performance, NASA Johnson Space Centre, Houston, TX, USA; Corresponding author: Mark Shavers, KBR Human Health and Performance, NASA Johnson Space Centre, Houston, TX, USA.NASA Space Radiation Analysis Group–Johnson Space Centre, Houston, TX, USACanadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Quebec, CanadaRadiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaEuropean Space Agency ESA, European Astronaut Center EAC, Space Medicine HRE-OM, Cologne, GermanyJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba Space Center, Ibaraki, JapanInstitute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaRadiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaFederal Office of Radiation Protection, Munich, GermanyThe Partner Agencies of the International Space Station (ISS) maintain separate career exposure limits and shared Flight Rules that control the ionising radiation exposures that crewmembers can experience due to ambient environments throughout their space missions. In low Earth orbit as well as further out in space, energetic ions referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) easily penetrate spacecraft and spacecraft contents and consequently are always present at low dose rates. Protons and electrons that are trapped in the Earth’s geomagnetic field are encountered intermittently, and a rare energetic solar particle event (SPE) may expose crew to (mostly) energetic protons. Space radiation protection goals are to optimize radiation exposures to maintain deleterious late effects at known and acceptable levels and to prevent any early effects that might compromise crew health and mission success. The conventional radiation protection metric effective dose provides a basic framework for limiting exposures associated with human spaceflight and can be communicated to all stakeholders. Additional metrics and uncertainty analyses are required to understand more completely and to convey nuanced information about potential impacts to an individual astronaut or to a space mission. Missions to remote destinations well beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO) are upcoming and bestow additional challenges that shape design and radiation protection needs. NASA has recently adopted a more permissive career exposure limit based upon effective dose and new restrictions on mission exposures imposed by nuclear technologies. This manuscript reviews the exposure limits that apply to the ISS crewmembers. This work was performed in collaboration with the advisory and guidance efforts of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 115 and will be summarized in an upcoming ICRP Report.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S093938892300082XRadiological protectionRadiation protectionExposure limitsSpace radiationAstronautsInternational Space Station |
| spellingShingle | Mark Shavers Edward Semones Leena Tomi Jing Chen Ulrich Straube Tatsuto Komiyama Vyacheslav Shurshakov Chunsheng Li Werner Rühm Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik Radiological protection Radiation protection Exposure limits Space radiation Astronauts International Space Station |
| title | Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station |
| title_full | Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station |
| title_fullStr | Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station |
| title_full_unstemmed | Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station |
| title_short | Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station |
| title_sort | space agency specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the international space station |
| topic | Radiological protection Radiation protection Exposure limits Space radiation Astronauts International Space Station |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S093938892300082X |
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