High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma
BackgroundSkin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the most lethal skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide. The poor prognosis of SKCM urgently requires us to discover prognostic biomarkers for accurate therapy. As a regulator of DNA replication, TIMELESS (TIM) has been found to be highly expres...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Surgery |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2022.917776/full |
| _version_ | 1811216475669659648 |
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| author | Shixin Zhao Shifeng Wen Hengdeng Liu Ziheng Zhou Yiling Liu Jinbao Zhong Julin Xie |
| author_facet | Shixin Zhao Shifeng Wen Hengdeng Liu Ziheng Zhou Yiling Liu Jinbao Zhong Julin Xie |
| author_sort | Shixin Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundSkin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the most lethal skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide. The poor prognosis of SKCM urgently requires us to discover prognostic biomarkers for accurate therapy. As a regulator of DNA replication, TIMELESS (TIM) has been found to be highly expressed in various malignancies but rarely reported in SKCM. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between TIM and SKCM tumorigenesis and prognosis.MethodsWe obtained RNA sequencing data from TCGA and GTEx to analyze TIM expression and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, GO/KEGG, GSEA, immune cell infiltration analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were used to perform the functional enrichment analysis of TIM-related DEGs. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Cox regression analysis, Kaplan–Meier (K-M) analysis, and nomograms were applied to figure out the clinical significance of TIM in SKCM. In addition, we investigated the relationship between TIM promoter methylation and SKCM prognosis through the UALCAN database. Finally, the immunohistochemical (IHC) results of normal skin and SKCM were analyzed to determine expression differences.ResultsTIM was significantly elevated in various malignancies, including SKCM, and high expression of TIM was associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, a total of 402 DEGs were identified between the two distinct TIM expression groups, and functional annotation showed enrichment with positive regulation of cell cycle and classic oncogenic pathways in the high TIM expression phenotype, while keratinization pathways were negatively regulated and enriched. Further analysis showed that TIM was correlated with infiltration of multiple immune cells. Finally, IHC validated the differential expression of TIM in SKCM.ConclusionTIM might play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis of SKCM and is closely related to its prognosis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T06:39:43Z |
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| id | doaj.art-e2887d2785c7456ba76751e602969c54 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T06:39:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Surgery |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2887d2785c7456ba76751e602969c542022-12-22T03:43:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Surgery2296-875X2022-05-01910.3389/fsurg.2022.917776917776High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous MelanomaShixin Zhao0Shifeng Wen1Hengdeng Liu2Ziheng Zhou3Yiling Liu4Jinbao Zhong5Julin Xie6Department of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaBackgroundSkin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the most lethal skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide. The poor prognosis of SKCM urgently requires us to discover prognostic biomarkers for accurate therapy. As a regulator of DNA replication, TIMELESS (TIM) has been found to be highly expressed in various malignancies but rarely reported in SKCM. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between TIM and SKCM tumorigenesis and prognosis.MethodsWe obtained RNA sequencing data from TCGA and GTEx to analyze TIM expression and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, GO/KEGG, GSEA, immune cell infiltration analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were used to perform the functional enrichment analysis of TIM-related DEGs. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Cox regression analysis, Kaplan–Meier (K-M) analysis, and nomograms were applied to figure out the clinical significance of TIM in SKCM. In addition, we investigated the relationship between TIM promoter methylation and SKCM prognosis through the UALCAN database. Finally, the immunohistochemical (IHC) results of normal skin and SKCM were analyzed to determine expression differences.ResultsTIM was significantly elevated in various malignancies, including SKCM, and high expression of TIM was associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, a total of 402 DEGs were identified between the two distinct TIM expression groups, and functional annotation showed enrichment with positive regulation of cell cycle and classic oncogenic pathways in the high TIM expression phenotype, while keratinization pathways were negatively regulated and enriched. Further analysis showed that TIM was correlated with infiltration of multiple immune cells. Finally, IHC validated the differential expression of TIM in SKCM.ConclusionTIM might play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis of SKCM and is closely related to its prognosis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2022.917776/fullskin cutaneous melanomaprognostic signatureoverall survivaltimelessimmune infiltrationbioinformatics |
| spellingShingle | Shixin Zhao Shifeng Wen Hengdeng Liu Ziheng Zhou Yiling Liu Jinbao Zhong Julin Xie High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma Frontiers in Surgery skin cutaneous melanoma prognostic signature overall survival timeless immune infiltration bioinformatics |
| title | High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma |
| title_full | High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma |
| title_fullStr | High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma |
| title_short | High Expression of TIMELESS Predicts Poor Prognosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma |
| title_sort | high expression of timeless predicts poor prognosis a potential therapeutic target for skin cutaneous melanoma |
| topic | skin cutaneous melanoma prognostic signature overall survival timeless immune infiltration bioinformatics |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2022.917776/full |
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