Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts measuring >200 bp in length and devoid of protein-coding potential. LncRNAs exceed the number of protein-coding mRNAs and regulate cellular, developmental, and immune pathways through diverse molecular mechanisms. In recent years, lncRNAs have emerged...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/7/987 |
| _version_ | 1797608214200582144 |
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| author | Viraj Kulkarni Sahana Jayakumar Mahesh Mohan Smita Kulkarni |
| author_facet | Viraj Kulkarni Sahana Jayakumar Mahesh Mohan Smita Kulkarni |
| author_sort | Viraj Kulkarni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts measuring >200 bp in length and devoid of protein-coding potential. LncRNAs exceed the number of protein-coding mRNAs and regulate cellular, developmental, and immune pathways through diverse molecular mechanisms. In recent years, lncRNAs have emerged as epigenetic regulators with prominent roles in health and disease. Many lncRNAs, either host or virus-encoded, have been implicated in critical cellular defense processes, such as cytokine and antiviral gene expression, the regulation of cell signaling pathways, and the activation of transcription factors. In addition, cellular and viral lncRNAs regulate virus gene expression. Viral infections and associated immune responses alter the expression of host lncRNAs regulating immune responses, host metabolism, and viral replication. The influence of lncRNAs on the pathogenesis and outcomes of viral infections is being widely explored because virus-induced lncRNAs can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Future studies should focus on thoroughly characterizing lncRNA expressions in virus-infected primary cells, investigating their role in disease prognosis, and developing biologically relevant animal or organoid models to determine their suitability for specific therapeutic targeting. Many cellular and viral lncRNAs localize in the nucleus and epigenetically modulate viral transcription, latency, and host responses to infection. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of nuclear lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and outcomes of viral infections, such as the Influenza A virus, Sendai Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus. We also address significant advances and barriers in characterizing lncRNA function and explore the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:41:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e2990c735ce644e89abd8e3f4a8099a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:41:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2990c735ce644e89abd8e3f4a8099a62023-11-17T16:27:41ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-03-0112798710.3390/cells12070987Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral InfectionsViraj Kulkarni0Sahana Jayakumar1Mahesh Mohan2Smita Kulkarni3Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USAHost-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USAHost-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USAHost-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USALong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts measuring >200 bp in length and devoid of protein-coding potential. LncRNAs exceed the number of protein-coding mRNAs and regulate cellular, developmental, and immune pathways through diverse molecular mechanisms. In recent years, lncRNAs have emerged as epigenetic regulators with prominent roles in health and disease. Many lncRNAs, either host or virus-encoded, have been implicated in critical cellular defense processes, such as cytokine and antiviral gene expression, the regulation of cell signaling pathways, and the activation of transcription factors. In addition, cellular and viral lncRNAs regulate virus gene expression. Viral infections and associated immune responses alter the expression of host lncRNAs regulating immune responses, host metabolism, and viral replication. The influence of lncRNAs on the pathogenesis and outcomes of viral infections is being widely explored because virus-induced lncRNAs can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Future studies should focus on thoroughly characterizing lncRNA expressions in virus-infected primary cells, investigating their role in disease prognosis, and developing biologically relevant animal or organoid models to determine their suitability for specific therapeutic targeting. Many cellular and viral lncRNAs localize in the nucleus and epigenetically modulate viral transcription, latency, and host responses to infection. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of nuclear lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and outcomes of viral infections, such as the Influenza A virus, Sendai Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus. We also address significant advances and barriers in characterizing lncRNA function and explore the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/7/987lncRNAvirusepigenetics |
| spellingShingle | Viraj Kulkarni Sahana Jayakumar Mahesh Mohan Smita Kulkarni Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections Cells lncRNA virus epigenetics |
| title | Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections |
| title_full | Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections |
| title_fullStr | Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections |
| title_short | Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections |
| title_sort | aid or antagonize nuclear long noncoding rnas regulate host responses and outcomes of viral infections |
| topic | lncRNA virus epigenetics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/7/987 |
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