Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand
In this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of <i>Papaver somniferum</i>. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, cultivation areas, habitats, pollin...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2105 |
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| author | Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay Nisa Leksungnoen Pichet Chanton Tushar Andriyas Pratchaya Thaweekun Surasak Rueansri Ratthapon Tuntianupong Woottichai Hauyluek |
| author_facet | Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay Nisa Leksungnoen Pichet Chanton Tushar Andriyas Pratchaya Thaweekun Surasak Rueansri Ratthapon Tuntianupong Woottichai Hauyluek |
| author_sort | Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of <i>Papaver somniferum</i>. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, cultivation areas, habitats, pollinators, specimens examined, growing periods, phenology, etymology, vernacular name, and uses. The species can be characterized as a glabrous and glaucous herb with unlobed or pinnately lobed leaves, and an amplexicaul base; variations in color and morphological characteristics of petals; and white filaments, occasionally purple with a white basal part, broadened at the apical part. Two rings of discontinuous and widely spaced collateral vascular bundles are recognized in the transverse section of the stems. The shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial surface is polygonal, while that on the abaxial surface is polygonal or irregular. The anticlinal cell walls of the epidermal cells on the adaxial surface are straight or slightly curved, while those on the abaxial surface are straight, slightly curved, sinuate, or strongly sinuate. The stomata are anomocytic and are confined to the lower epidermis. The stomatal density is 54–199/mm<sup>2</sup> (with a mean of 89.29 ± 24.97). The mesophyll is not distinctly differentiated into palisade and spongy regions. Laticifers are found in the phloem areas of the stems and leaves. The pollen grains can be spheroidal or prolate spheroidal in shape, sometimes oblate spheroidal [polar axis (P) diameter/equatorial axis (E) diameter ratio = 0.99–1.12 (with a mean of 1.03 ± 0.03)]. The pollen aperture is tricolpate and the exine sculpturing is microechinate. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:00:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2a1573d237f4eacae8cca653009a3782023-11-18T08:23:27ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-05-011211210510.3390/plants12112105Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern ThailandChatchai Ngernsaengsaruay0Nisa Leksungnoen1Pichet Chanton2Tushar Andriyas3Pratchaya Thaweekun4Surasak Rueansri5Ratthapon Tuntianupong6Woottichai Hauyluek7Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandNarcotics Crop Survey and Control Institute, Office of the Narcotics Control Board (ONCB), Ministry of Justice, Chiang Mai 50300, ThailandNarcotics Crop Survey and Control Institute, Office of the Narcotics Control Board (ONCB), Ministry of Justice, Chiang Mai 50300, ThailandNarcotics Crop Survey and Control Institute, Office of the Narcotics Control Board (ONCB), Ministry of Justice, Chiang Mai 50300, ThailandNarcotics Crop Survey and Control Institute, Office of the Narcotics Control Board (ONCB), Ministry of Justice, Chiang Mai 50300, ThailandIn this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of <i>Papaver somniferum</i>. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, cultivation areas, habitats, pollinators, specimens examined, growing periods, phenology, etymology, vernacular name, and uses. The species can be characterized as a glabrous and glaucous herb with unlobed or pinnately lobed leaves, and an amplexicaul base; variations in color and morphological characteristics of petals; and white filaments, occasionally purple with a white basal part, broadened at the apical part. Two rings of discontinuous and widely spaced collateral vascular bundles are recognized in the transverse section of the stems. The shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial surface is polygonal, while that on the abaxial surface is polygonal or irregular. The anticlinal cell walls of the epidermal cells on the adaxial surface are straight or slightly curved, while those on the abaxial surface are straight, slightly curved, sinuate, or strongly sinuate. The stomata are anomocytic and are confined to the lower epidermis. The stomatal density is 54–199/mm<sup>2</sup> (with a mean of 89.29 ± 24.97). The mesophyll is not distinctly differentiated into palisade and spongy regions. Laticifers are found in the phloem areas of the stems and leaves. The pollen grains can be spheroidal or prolate spheroidal in shape, sometimes oblate spheroidal [polar axis (P) diameter/equatorial axis (E) diameter ratio = 0.99–1.12 (with a mean of 1.03 ± 0.03)]. The pollen aperture is tricolpate and the exine sculpturing is microechinate.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2105opium alkaloidsPapaveraceaePapaveroideaepollen morphologypoppy seedsRanunculales |
| spellingShingle | Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay Nisa Leksungnoen Pichet Chanton Tushar Andriyas Pratchaya Thaweekun Surasak Rueansri Ratthapon Tuntianupong Woottichai Hauyluek Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand Plants opium alkaloids Papaveraceae Papaveroideae pollen morphology poppy seeds Ranunculales |
| title | Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand |
| title_full | Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand |
| title_short | Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i> L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand |
| title_sort | morphology taxonomy anatomy and palynology of the opium poppy i papaver somniferum i l cultivation in northern thailand |
| topic | opium alkaloids Papaveraceae Papaveroideae pollen morphology poppy seeds Ranunculales |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2105 |
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