Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity
Many studies have shown that neonates of smoking mothers have a lower birth weight, but several issues remain poorly studied, e.g., the effects of giving up smoking or the combined effects of smoking and maternal obesity. Therefore, we evaluated a prospective cohort of 912 mothers in a single pregna...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3504 |
| _version_ | 1797549412628561920 |
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| author | Małgorzata Lewandowska Barbara Więckowska Lidia Sztorc Stefan Sajdak |
| author_facet | Małgorzata Lewandowska Barbara Więckowska Lidia Sztorc Stefan Sajdak |
| author_sort | Małgorzata Lewandowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many studies have shown that neonates of smoking mothers have a lower birth weight, but several issues remain poorly studied, e.g., the effects of giving up smoking or the combined effects of smoking and maternal obesity. Therefore, we evaluated a prospective cohort of 912 mothers in a single pregnancy, recruited in Poland, in 2015−2016. In the cohort, we recorded 72 (7.9%) newborns with birth weight <10th percentile, 21 (2.3%) fetal growth restriction (FGR) cases, and 60 (6.6%) low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g) newborns. In the cohort, 168 (18.4%) women smoked before pregnancy; the mean number of cigarettes/day was 10.8 (1–30), and the mean number of years of cigarette smoking was 8.5 (1–25). Among smokers, 57 (6.3%) women smoked in the first trimester. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of newborn outcomes (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) was calculated in multi-dimensional logistic regressions. Compared to participants who had never smoked, smoking before pregnancy was associated with a higher odds ratio of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 1.93, CI: 1.08–3.44, <i>p</i> = 0.027), but the result for LBW (AOR = 2.76, CI: 1.05–7.26, <i>p</i> = 0.039) and FGR (AOR = 1.13, CI: 0.38–3.36, <i>p</i> = 0.822) had the wider confidence interval or was insignificant. Effects of smoking cessation before pregnancy were statistically insignificant for the studied outcomes. Smoking in the first trimester was associated with a higher risk of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 4.68, CI: 2.28–9.62, <i>p</i> < 0.001), LBW (AOR = 6.42, CI: 1.84–22.36, <i>p</i> = 0.004), and FGR (AOR = 3.60, CI: 0.96–13.49, <i>p</i> = 0.057). Smoking cessation in the second/third trimester was associated with a higher odds ratio of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 4.54, CI: 1.58–13.02, <i>p</i> = 0.005), FGR (AOR = 3.36, CI: 0.6–18.74, <i>p</i> = 0.167), and LBW (AOR = 2.14, CI: 0.62–7.36), <i>p</i> = 0.229), to a similar degree to smoking in the first trimester. The odds ratios were higher in the subgroup of pre-pregnancy body mass index ≥25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for the risk of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 6.39, CI: 2.01–20.34, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and FGR (AOR = 6.25, CI: 0.86–45.59, <i>p</i> = 0.071). The length of cigarette smoking time was also the risk factor for studied outcomes. Conclusions: Smoking in the first trimester increased the studied risks, and the coexistence of excessive maternal weight increased the effects. Smoking cessation during the second/third trimester did not have a protective effect. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:14:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e2a29bf5094f4f14af832b18976678f5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:14:21Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2a29bf5094f4f14af832b18976678f52023-11-20T19:05:39ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832020-10-01911350410.3390/jcm9113504Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal ObesityMałgorzata Lewandowska0Barbara Więckowska1Lidia Sztorc2Stefan Sajdak3Medical Faculty, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, PolandAkademisches Lernkrankenhaus der Charité, Oberhavel Kliniken, Klinik Oranienburg, 16515 Oranienburg, GermanyDivision of Gynecological Surgery, University Hospital, 33 Polna Str., 60-535 Poznan, PolandMany studies have shown that neonates of smoking mothers have a lower birth weight, but several issues remain poorly studied, e.g., the effects of giving up smoking or the combined effects of smoking and maternal obesity. Therefore, we evaluated a prospective cohort of 912 mothers in a single pregnancy, recruited in Poland, in 2015−2016. In the cohort, we recorded 72 (7.9%) newborns with birth weight <10th percentile, 21 (2.3%) fetal growth restriction (FGR) cases, and 60 (6.6%) low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g) newborns. In the cohort, 168 (18.4%) women smoked before pregnancy; the mean number of cigarettes/day was 10.8 (1–30), and the mean number of years of cigarette smoking was 8.5 (1–25). Among smokers, 57 (6.3%) women smoked in the first trimester. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of newborn outcomes (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) was calculated in multi-dimensional logistic regressions. Compared to participants who had never smoked, smoking before pregnancy was associated with a higher odds ratio of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 1.93, CI: 1.08–3.44, <i>p</i> = 0.027), but the result for LBW (AOR = 2.76, CI: 1.05–7.26, <i>p</i> = 0.039) and FGR (AOR = 1.13, CI: 0.38–3.36, <i>p</i> = 0.822) had the wider confidence interval or was insignificant. Effects of smoking cessation before pregnancy were statistically insignificant for the studied outcomes. Smoking in the first trimester was associated with a higher risk of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 4.68, CI: 2.28–9.62, <i>p</i> < 0.001), LBW (AOR = 6.42, CI: 1.84–22.36, <i>p</i> = 0.004), and FGR (AOR = 3.60, CI: 0.96–13.49, <i>p</i> = 0.057). Smoking cessation in the second/third trimester was associated with a higher odds ratio of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 4.54, CI: 1.58–13.02, <i>p</i> = 0.005), FGR (AOR = 3.36, CI: 0.6–18.74, <i>p</i> = 0.167), and LBW (AOR = 2.14, CI: 0.62–7.36), <i>p</i> = 0.229), to a similar degree to smoking in the first trimester. The odds ratios were higher in the subgroup of pre-pregnancy body mass index ≥25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for the risk of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 6.39, CI: 2.01–20.34, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and FGR (AOR = 6.25, CI: 0.86–45.59, <i>p</i> = 0.071). The length of cigarette smoking time was also the risk factor for studied outcomes. Conclusions: Smoking in the first trimester increased the studied risks, and the coexistence of excessive maternal weight increased the effects. Smoking cessation during the second/third trimester did not have a protective effect.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3504smoking cessationparadoxical effectpregnancybirth weightfetal growthobesity |
| spellingShingle | Małgorzata Lewandowska Barbara Więckowska Lidia Sztorc Stefan Sajdak Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity Journal of Clinical Medicine smoking cessation paradoxical effect pregnancy birth weight fetal growth obesity |
| title | Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity |
| title_full | Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity |
| title_fullStr | Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity |
| title_short | Smoking and Smoking Cessation in the Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight and Additive Effect of Maternal Obesity |
| title_sort | smoking and smoking cessation in the risk for fetal growth restriction and low birth weight and additive effect of maternal obesity |
| topic | smoking cessation paradoxical effect pregnancy birth weight fetal growth obesity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3504 |
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