The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels
The rapid development of hydrogen fuel cells has been paralleled by increased demand for lightweight type IV hydrogen storage vessels with high hydrogen storage density, which raises the performance requirements of internal plastic liners. An appropriate manufacturing process is important to improve...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2425 |
| _version_ | 1797609963202281472 |
|---|---|
| author | Muhuo Yu Liangliang Qi Lele Cheng Wei Min Zhonghao Mei Ruize Gao Zeyu Sun |
| author_facet | Muhuo Yu Liangliang Qi Lele Cheng Wei Min Zhonghao Mei Ruize Gao Zeyu Sun |
| author_sort | Muhuo Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The rapid development of hydrogen fuel cells has been paralleled by increased demand for lightweight type IV hydrogen storage vessels with high hydrogen storage density, which raises the performance requirements of internal plastic liners. An appropriate manufacturing process is important to improve the quality of polymer liners. In this paper, DSC, WAXD, a universal testing machine and a differential pressure gas permeameter were used to investigate the effect of the cooling rate of the rotational molding polyamide 11 on the thermal, crystallization, mechanical and barrier properties. The cooling rate is formulated according to the cooling rate that can be achieved in actual production. The results suggest that two PA11 liner materials initially exhibited two-dimensional (circular) growth under non-isothermal crystallization conditions and shifted to one-dimensional space growth due to spherulite collision and crowding during the secondary crystallization stage. The slower the cooling process, the greater the crystallinity of the specimen. The increase in crystallinity significantly improved the barrier properties of the two PA11 liner materials, and the gas permeability coefficient was 2-3-fold higher than at low crystallinity. Moreover, the tensile strength, the tensile modulus, the flexural strength, and the flexural modulus increased, and the elongation at break decreased as the crystallinity increased. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:08:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e2aaea763a134bb88c3f09ec71e7aa8c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:08:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2aaea763a134bb88c3f09ec71e7aa8c2023-11-17T12:50:11ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-03-01286242510.3390/molecules28062425The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure VesselsMuhuo Yu0Liangliang Qi1Lele Cheng2Wei Min3Zhonghao Mei4Ruize Gao5Zeyu Sun6State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaThe rapid development of hydrogen fuel cells has been paralleled by increased demand for lightweight type IV hydrogen storage vessels with high hydrogen storage density, which raises the performance requirements of internal plastic liners. An appropriate manufacturing process is important to improve the quality of polymer liners. In this paper, DSC, WAXD, a universal testing machine and a differential pressure gas permeameter were used to investigate the effect of the cooling rate of the rotational molding polyamide 11 on the thermal, crystallization, mechanical and barrier properties. The cooling rate is formulated according to the cooling rate that can be achieved in actual production. The results suggest that two PA11 liner materials initially exhibited two-dimensional (circular) growth under non-isothermal crystallization conditions and shifted to one-dimensional space growth due to spherulite collision and crowding during the secondary crystallization stage. The slower the cooling process, the greater the crystallinity of the specimen. The increase in crystallinity significantly improved the barrier properties of the two PA11 liner materials, and the gas permeability coefficient was 2-3-fold higher than at low crystallinity. Moreover, the tensile strength, the tensile modulus, the flexural strength, and the flexural modulus increased, and the elongation at break decreased as the crystallinity increased.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2425polymer liner of type IV hydrogen storage vesselpolyamide 11rotational moldingcrystallinitygas barrier properties |
| spellingShingle | Muhuo Yu Liangliang Qi Lele Cheng Wei Min Zhonghao Mei Ruize Gao Zeyu Sun The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels Molecules polymer liner of type IV hydrogen storage vessel polyamide 11 rotational molding crystallinity gas barrier properties |
| title | The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels |
| title_full | The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels |
| title_short | The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels |
| title_sort | effect of cooling rates on thermal crystallization mechanical and barrier properties of rotational molding polyamide 11 as the liner material for high capacity high pressure vessels |
| topic | polymer liner of type IV hydrogen storage vessel polyamide 11 rotational molding crystallinity gas barrier properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2425 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhuoyu theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT liangliangqi theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT lelecheng theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT weimin theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT zhonghaomei theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT ruizegao theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT zeyusun theeffectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT muhuoyu effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT liangliangqi effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT lelecheng effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT weimin effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT zhonghaomei effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT ruizegao effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels AT zeyusun effectofcoolingratesonthermalcrystallizationmechanicalandbarrierpropertiesofrotationalmoldingpolyamide11asthelinermaterialforhighcapacityhighpressurevessels |