Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context
Iodine is a highly reactive element with a single natural and stable isotopic form (<sup>127</sup>I). In the biosphere, it is one of the 30 essential elements for life, and its chemical speciation defines its availability and biological activities. The most relevant chemical species are...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Future Pharmacology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9879/2/4/26 |
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| author | Astrid N. Espino-Vázquez Flor C. Rojas-Castro Liria Mitzuko Fajardo-Yamamoto |
| author_facet | Astrid N. Espino-Vázquez Flor C. Rojas-Castro Liria Mitzuko Fajardo-Yamamoto |
| author_sort | Astrid N. Espino-Vázquez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iodine is a highly reactive element with a single natural and stable isotopic form (<sup>127</sup>I). In the biosphere, it is one of the 30 essential elements for life, and its chemical speciation defines its availability and biological activities. The most relevant chemical species are iodate (IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and iodide (I<sup>−</sup>) as the major sources of iodine, with molecular iodine (I<sub>2</sub>) and hypoiodous acid (HIO) as the most reactive species, and thyroid hormones (THs) as the representative organic compounds. In human biology, THs are master regulators of metabolism, while inorganic species serve for the iodination of organic molecules and contribute to the innate immune system and the antioxidant cellular defense. Additionally, I<sup>−</sup>, I<sub>2</sub>, δ-lactone (6-IL), and α-iodohexadecanal (α-IHDA) have shown therapeutic potential in counteracting oxidative stress, cancer, and inflammation. Both inorganic and organic species have applications in the health science industry, from the manufacturing of disinfection and wound care products to supplements, medicines, and contrast media for radiography. Even after nuclear disasters, intake of high doses of iodine prevents the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the body. Conversely, the controlled production of iodine radioisotopes such as <sup>123</sup>I, <sup>124</sup>I, <sup>125</sup>I, and <sup>131</sup>I is exploited in nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and diagnostics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:33:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e2bc8513820945f4a817af85e6385285 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-9879 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:33:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Future Pharmacology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2bc8513820945f4a817af85e63852852023-11-24T14:58:57ZengMDPI AGFuture Pharmacology2673-98792022-10-012437741410.3390/futurepharmacol2040026Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological ContextAstrid N. Espino-Vázquez0Flor C. Rojas-Castro1Liria Mitzuko Fajardo-Yamamoto2Research Department, Sanoviv Medical Institute, Tijuana-Ensenada FWY, 39th KM, Unnumbered, Int. 6 Rancho Santini, Rosarito 22710, MexicoResearch Department, Sanoviv Medical Institute, Tijuana-Ensenada FWY, 39th KM, Unnumbered, Int. 6 Rancho Santini, Rosarito 22710, MexicoResearch Department, Sanoviv Medical Institute, Tijuana-Ensenada FWY, 39th KM, Unnumbered, Int. 6 Rancho Santini, Rosarito 22710, MexicoIodine is a highly reactive element with a single natural and stable isotopic form (<sup>127</sup>I). In the biosphere, it is one of the 30 essential elements for life, and its chemical speciation defines its availability and biological activities. The most relevant chemical species are iodate (IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and iodide (I<sup>−</sup>) as the major sources of iodine, with molecular iodine (I<sub>2</sub>) and hypoiodous acid (HIO) as the most reactive species, and thyroid hormones (THs) as the representative organic compounds. In human biology, THs are master regulators of metabolism, while inorganic species serve for the iodination of organic molecules and contribute to the innate immune system and the antioxidant cellular defense. Additionally, I<sup>−</sup>, I<sub>2</sub>, δ-lactone (6-IL), and α-iodohexadecanal (α-IHDA) have shown therapeutic potential in counteracting oxidative stress, cancer, and inflammation. Both inorganic and organic species have applications in the health science industry, from the manufacturing of disinfection and wound care products to supplements, medicines, and contrast media for radiography. Even after nuclear disasters, intake of high doses of iodine prevents the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the body. Conversely, the controlled production of iodine radioisotopes such as <sup>123</sup>I, <sup>124</sup>I, <sup>125</sup>I, and <sup>131</sup>I is exploited in nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and diagnostics.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9879/2/4/26iodine speciesiodidemolecular iodinethyroid hormonesantimicrobial activityantioxidant effect |
| spellingShingle | Astrid N. Espino-Vázquez Flor C. Rojas-Castro Liria Mitzuko Fajardo-Yamamoto Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context Future Pharmacology iodine species iodide molecular iodine thyroid hormones antimicrobial activity antioxidant effect |
| title | Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context |
| title_full | Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context |
| title_fullStr | Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context |
| title_short | Implications and Practical Applications of the Chemical Speciation of Iodine in the Biological Context |
| title_sort | implications and practical applications of the chemical speciation of iodine in the biological context |
| topic | iodine species iodide molecular iodine thyroid hormones antimicrobial activity antioxidant effect |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9879/2/4/26 |
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