Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers
Rivers in the Amazon have among the greatest biodiversity in the world. The Xingu River, one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, has a length of 1640 km, draining 510,000 km<sup>2</sup> in one of the most protected regions on the planet. The Middle Xingu region in Brazil has been hig...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/4/182 |
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| author | Rodrigo Silva de Sousa Gilmar Clemente Silva Thiago Bazzan Fernando de la Torre Caroline Nebo Diógenes Henrique Siqueira-Silva Sheila Cardoso-Silva Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo Teresa Cristina Brazil de Paiva Flávio Teixeira da Silva Daniel Clemente Vieira Rêgo da Silva |
| author_facet | Rodrigo Silva de Sousa Gilmar Clemente Silva Thiago Bazzan Fernando de la Torre Caroline Nebo Diógenes Henrique Siqueira-Silva Sheila Cardoso-Silva Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo Teresa Cristina Brazil de Paiva Flávio Teixeira da Silva Daniel Clemente Vieira Rêgo da Silva |
| author_sort | Rodrigo Silva de Sousa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rivers in the Amazon have among the greatest biodiversity in the world. The Xingu River, one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, has a length of 1640 km, draining 510,000 km<sup>2</sup> in one of the most protected regions on the planet. The Middle Xingu region in Brazil has been highly impacted by mining and livestock farming, leading to habitat fragmentation due to altered water quality. Therefore, comparing two rivers (the preserved Xingu River and the impacted Fresco River) and their confluence, the aims of the present study were to (1) assess the land uses in the hydrographic basin; (2) determine the water quality by measurements of turbidity, total solids, and metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Hg); (3) compare the zooplankton biodiversity; and (4) to evaluate the avoidance behavior of fish (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) when exposed to waters from the Xingu and Fresco Rivers. Zooplankton were grouped and counted down to the family level. For the analysis of fish avoidance, a multi-compartment system was used. The forest class predominated at the study locations, accounting for 57.6%, 60.8%, and 63.9% of the total area at P1XR, P2FR, and P3XFR, respectively, although since 1985, at the same points, the forest had been reduced by 31.3%, 25.7%, and 27.9%. The Xingu River presented almost 300% more invertebrate families than the Fresco River, and the fish population preferred its waters (>50%). The inputs from the Fresco River impacted the water quality of the Xingu River, leading to reductions in local invertebrate biodiversity and potential habitats for fish in a typical case of habitat fragmentation due to anthropic factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:28:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e2f40ab92a8f42e99af7db84244a36b4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:28:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-e2f40ab92a8f42e99af7db84244a36b42023-12-01T21:29:32ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-04-0110418210.3390/toxics10040182Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon RiversRodrigo Silva de Sousa0Gilmar Clemente Silva1Thiago Bazzan2Fernando de la Torre3Caroline Nebo4Diógenes Henrique Siqueira-Silva5Sheila Cardoso-Silva6Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo7Teresa Cristina Brazil de Paiva8Flávio Teixeira da Silva9Daniel Clemente Vieira Rêgo da Silva10Institute of Xingu Studies, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, São Félix do Xingu 68380-000, Pará, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Fluminense Federal University, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilEarth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-900, São Paulo, BrazilInstitute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, National University of Lujan, Buenos Aires 6700, ArgentinaInstitute of Studies of the Humid Tropics, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Xinguara 68555-016, Pará, BrazilInstitute of Health and Biological Studies, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá 68507-590, Pará, BrazilInstitute of Oceanography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, BrazilInstitute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá 68507-590, Pará, BrazilRivers in the Amazon have among the greatest biodiversity in the world. The Xingu River, one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, has a length of 1640 km, draining 510,000 km<sup>2</sup> in one of the most protected regions on the planet. The Middle Xingu region in Brazil has been highly impacted by mining and livestock farming, leading to habitat fragmentation due to altered water quality. Therefore, comparing two rivers (the preserved Xingu River and the impacted Fresco River) and their confluence, the aims of the present study were to (1) assess the land uses in the hydrographic basin; (2) determine the water quality by measurements of turbidity, total solids, and metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Hg); (3) compare the zooplankton biodiversity; and (4) to evaluate the avoidance behavior of fish (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) when exposed to waters from the Xingu and Fresco Rivers. Zooplankton were grouped and counted down to the family level. For the analysis of fish avoidance, a multi-compartment system was used. The forest class predominated at the study locations, accounting for 57.6%, 60.8%, and 63.9% of the total area at P1XR, P2FR, and P3XFR, respectively, although since 1985, at the same points, the forest had been reduced by 31.3%, 25.7%, and 27.9%. The Xingu River presented almost 300% more invertebrate families than the Fresco River, and the fish population preferred its waters (>50%). The inputs from the Fresco River impacted the water quality of the Xingu River, leading to reductions in local invertebrate biodiversity and potential habitats for fish in a typical case of habitat fragmentation due to anthropic factors.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/4/182aquatic biodiversityfish habitatshabitat fragmentationnon-forced exposurewater pollution |
| spellingShingle | Rodrigo Silva de Sousa Gilmar Clemente Silva Thiago Bazzan Fernando de la Torre Caroline Nebo Diógenes Henrique Siqueira-Silva Sheila Cardoso-Silva Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo Teresa Cristina Brazil de Paiva Flávio Teixeira da Silva Daniel Clemente Vieira Rêgo da Silva Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers Toxics aquatic biodiversity fish habitats habitat fragmentation non-forced exposure water pollution |
| title | Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers |
| title_full | Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers |
| title_fullStr | Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers |
| title_short | Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers |
| title_sort | connections among land use water quality biodiversity of aquatic invertebrates and fish behavior in amazon rivers |
| topic | aquatic biodiversity fish habitats habitat fragmentation non-forced exposure water pollution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/4/182 |
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