Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming
Atmospheric carbon dioxide reached a record concentration of 419 parts per million in May 2021, 50% higher than preindustrial levels at 280 parts per million. The rise of CO<sub>2</sub> as a heat-trapping gas is the principal barometer tracking global warming attributed to a global avera...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1210 |
| _version_ | 1797509819551186944 |
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| author | Markes E. Johnson |
| author_facet | Markes E. Johnson |
| author_sort | Markes E. Johnson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Atmospheric carbon dioxide reached a record concentration of 419 parts per million in May 2021, 50% higher than preindustrial levels at 280 parts per million. The rise of CO<sub>2</sub> as a heat-trapping gas is the principal barometer tracking global warming attributed to a global average increase of 1.2 °C over the last 250 years. Ongoing global warming is expected to perturb extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones (hurricanes/typhoons), strengthened by elevated sea-surface temperatures. The melting of polar ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland also is expected to result in rising sea levels through the rest of this century. Various proxies for the estimate of long-term change in sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) are available through geological oceanography, which relies on the recovery of deep-sea cores for the study of sediments enriched in temperature-sensitive planktonic foraminifera and other algal residues. The Pliocene Warm Period occurred between ~4.5 and 3.0 million years ago, when sea level and average global temperatures were higher than today, and it is widely regarded as a predictive analog to the future impact of climate change. This work reviews some of the extensive literature on the geological oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period together with a summary of land-based studies in paleotempestology focused on coastal boulder deposits (CBDs) and coastal outwash deposits (CODs) from the margin of the Pacific basin and parts of the North Atlantic basin. Ranging in age from the Pliocene through the Holocene, the values of such deposits serve as fixed geophysical markers, against which the micro-fossil record for the Pliocene Warm Period may be compared, as a registry of storm events from Pliocene and post-Pliocene times. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:23:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e30466ea45f14540964ddf88ff3f0f45 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:23:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-e30466ea45f14540964ddf88ff3f0f452023-11-22T23:53:25ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122021-11-01911121010.3390/jmse9111210Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global WarmingMarkes E. Johnson0Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USAAtmospheric carbon dioxide reached a record concentration of 419 parts per million in May 2021, 50% higher than preindustrial levels at 280 parts per million. The rise of CO<sub>2</sub> as a heat-trapping gas is the principal barometer tracking global warming attributed to a global average increase of 1.2 °C over the last 250 years. Ongoing global warming is expected to perturb extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones (hurricanes/typhoons), strengthened by elevated sea-surface temperatures. The melting of polar ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland also is expected to result in rising sea levels through the rest of this century. Various proxies for the estimate of long-term change in sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) are available through geological oceanography, which relies on the recovery of deep-sea cores for the study of sediments enriched in temperature-sensitive planktonic foraminifera and other algal residues. The Pliocene Warm Period occurred between ~4.5 and 3.0 million years ago, when sea level and average global temperatures were higher than today, and it is widely regarded as a predictive analog to the future impact of climate change. This work reviews some of the extensive literature on the geological oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period together with a summary of land-based studies in paleotempestology focused on coastal boulder deposits (CBDs) and coastal outwash deposits (CODs) from the margin of the Pacific basin and parts of the North Atlantic basin. Ranging in age from the Pliocene through the Holocene, the values of such deposits serve as fixed geophysical markers, against which the micro-fossil record for the Pliocene Warm Period may be compared, as a registry of storm events from Pliocene and post-Pliocene times.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1210El Niño-Southern Oscillationcoastal erosionstorm surgepaleotempestology |
| spellingShingle | Markes E. Johnson Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming Journal of Marine Science and Engineering El Niño-Southern Oscillation coastal erosion storm surge paleotempestology |
| title | Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming |
| title_full | Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming |
| title_fullStr | Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming |
| title_short | Geological Oceanography of the Pliocene Warm Period: A Review with Predictions on the Future of Global Warming |
| title_sort | geological oceanography of the pliocene warm period a review with predictions on the future of global warming |
| topic | El Niño-Southern Oscillation coastal erosion storm surge paleotempestology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1210 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT markesejohnson geologicaloceanographyofthepliocenewarmperiodareviewwithpredictionsonthefutureofglobalwarming |