Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity
Abstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people. Chemical insecticides are currently employed against mosquitoes. However, many cases of insecticide resistance have been reported. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have demonstrated potential as a bioinsecticide. Here, we assessed th...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05655-x |
| _version_ | 1827985078101213184 |
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| author | Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt Thaís Almeida Corrêa Jacenir Santos-Mallet Huarrisson Azevedo Santos Carl Lowenberger Haika Victória Sales Moreira Patrícia Silva Gôlo Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt Isabele da Costa Angelo |
| author_facet | Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt Thaís Almeida Corrêa Jacenir Santos-Mallet Huarrisson Azevedo Santos Carl Lowenberger Haika Victória Sales Moreira Patrícia Silva Gôlo Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt Isabele da Costa Angelo |
| author_sort | Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people. Chemical insecticides are currently employed against mosquitoes. However, many cases of insecticide resistance have been reported. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have demonstrated potential as a bioinsecticide. Here, we assessed the invasion of the EPF Beauveria bassiana into Aedes aegypti larvae and changes in the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) as a proxy for the general activation of the insect innate immune system. In addition, other cellular and humoral responses were evaluated. Methods Larvae were exposed to blastospores or conidia of B. bassiana CG 206. After 24 and 48 h, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted on the larvae. The hemolymph was collected to determine changes in total hemocyte concentration (THC), the dynamics of hemocytes, and to observe hemocyte-fungus interactions. In addition, the larvae were macerated to assess the activity of PO using L-DOPA conversion, and the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was measured using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Results Propagules invaded mosquitoes through the midgut, and blastopores were detected inside the hemocoel. Both propagules decreased the THC regardless of the time. By 24 h after exposure to conidia the percentage of granulocytes and oenocytoids increased while the prohemocytes decreased. By 48 h, the oenocytoid percentage increased significantly (P < 0.05) in larvae exposed to blastospores; however, the other hemocyte types did not change significantly. Regardless of the time, SEM revealed hemocytes adhering to, and nodulating, blastospores. For the larvae exposed to conidia, these interactions were observed only at 48 h. Irrespective of the propagule, the PO activity increased only at 48 h. At 24 h, cathepsin B was upregulated by infection with conidia, whereas both propagules resulted in a downregulation of cecropin and defensin A. At 48 h, blastospores and conidia increased the expression of defensin A suggesting this may be an essential AMP against EPF. Conclusion By 24 h, B. bassiana CG 206 occluded the midgut, reduced THC, did not stimulate PO activity, and downregulated AMP expression in larvae, all of which allowed the fungus to impair the larvae to facilitate infection. Our data reports a complex interplay between Ae. aegypti larvae and B. bassiana CG 206 demonstrating how this fungus can infect, affect, and kill Ae. aegypti larvae. Graphical Abstract |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T23:08:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e30baad6b8364324bffcbf9face51354 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1756-3305 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T23:08:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Parasites & Vectors |
| spelling | doaj.art-e30baad6b8364324bffcbf9face513542023-03-22T10:33:47ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052023-01-0116111210.1186/s13071-023-05655-xBeauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunityRicardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt0Thaís Almeida Corrêa1Jacenir Santos-Mallet2Huarrisson Azevedo Santos3Carl Lowenberger4Haika Victória Sales Moreira5Patrícia Silva Gôlo6Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt7Isabele da Costa Angelo8Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroGraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroOswaldo Cruz Foundation, IOC-FIOCRUZ-RJDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroCentre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser UniversityGraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroDepartment of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroDepartment of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de JaneiroAbstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people. Chemical insecticides are currently employed against mosquitoes. However, many cases of insecticide resistance have been reported. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have demonstrated potential as a bioinsecticide. Here, we assessed the invasion of the EPF Beauveria bassiana into Aedes aegypti larvae and changes in the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) as a proxy for the general activation of the insect innate immune system. In addition, other cellular and humoral responses were evaluated. Methods Larvae were exposed to blastospores or conidia of B. bassiana CG 206. After 24 and 48 h, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted on the larvae. The hemolymph was collected to determine changes in total hemocyte concentration (THC), the dynamics of hemocytes, and to observe hemocyte-fungus interactions. In addition, the larvae were macerated to assess the activity of PO using L-DOPA conversion, and the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was measured using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Results Propagules invaded mosquitoes through the midgut, and blastopores were detected inside the hemocoel. Both propagules decreased the THC regardless of the time. By 24 h after exposure to conidia the percentage of granulocytes and oenocytoids increased while the prohemocytes decreased. By 48 h, the oenocytoid percentage increased significantly (P < 0.05) in larvae exposed to blastospores; however, the other hemocyte types did not change significantly. Regardless of the time, SEM revealed hemocytes adhering to, and nodulating, blastospores. For the larvae exposed to conidia, these interactions were observed only at 48 h. Irrespective of the propagule, the PO activity increased only at 48 h. At 24 h, cathepsin B was upregulated by infection with conidia, whereas both propagules resulted in a downregulation of cecropin and defensin A. At 48 h, blastospores and conidia increased the expression of defensin A suggesting this may be an essential AMP against EPF. Conclusion By 24 h, B. bassiana CG 206 occluded the midgut, reduced THC, did not stimulate PO activity, and downregulated AMP expression in larvae, all of which allowed the fungus to impair the larvae to facilitate infection. Our data reports a complex interplay between Ae. aegypti larvae and B. bassiana CG 206 demonstrating how this fungus can infect, affect, and kill Ae. aegypti larvae. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05655-xBiological controlEntomopathogenic fungiHemocytesAntimicrobial peptidesMosquitoImmune system |
| spellingShingle | Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt Thaís Almeida Corrêa Jacenir Santos-Mallet Huarrisson Azevedo Santos Carl Lowenberger Haika Victória Sales Moreira Patrícia Silva Gôlo Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt Isabele da Costa Angelo Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity Parasites & Vectors Biological control Entomopathogenic fungi Hemocytes Antimicrobial peptides Mosquito Immune system |
| title | Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity |
| title_full | Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity |
| title_fullStr | Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity |
| title_short | Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity |
| title_sort | beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate aedes aegypti immunity |
| topic | Biological control Entomopathogenic fungi Hemocytes Antimicrobial peptides Mosquito Immune system |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05655-x |
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