Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs
Harmonious synthesis and distribution of melanin in the skin contribute to the expression of beauty and the maintenance of health. When skin pigmentary disorders occur because of internal or external factors or, when there is a need to artificially increase or reduce the pigmentation level of the sk...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/8/9/322 |
| _version_ | 1797554945074921472 |
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| author | Yong Chool Boo |
| author_facet | Yong Chool Boo |
| author_sort | Yong Chool Boo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Harmonious synthesis and distribution of melanin in the skin contribute to the expression of beauty and the maintenance of health. When skin pigmentary disorders occur because of internal or external factors or, when there is a need to artificially increase or reduce the pigmentation level of the skin for aesthetic or therapeutic purposes, various pharmacological therapies are applied but the results are not always satisfactory. Studies have been conducted to improve the efficacy and safety of these treatment strategies. In this review, we present the latest studies regarding peptides and related compounds that may be useful in artificially increasing or reducing skin melanin levels. Certain analogs of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and oligopeptides with the sequences derived from the hormone were shown to promote melanin synthesis in cells and in vivo models. Various amino acids, peptides, their analogs, and their hybrid compounds with other chemical moieties were shown to inhibit tyrosinase (TYR) catalytic activity or downregulate TYR gene expression. Certain peptides were shown to inhibit melanosome biogenesis or induce autophagy, leading to decreased pigmentation. In vivo and clinical evidence are available for some compounds, including [Nle<sup>4</sup>-<sub>D</sub>-Phe<sup>7</sup>]-α-MSH, glutathione disulfide, and glycinamide hydrochloride. For many other compounds, additional studies are required to verify their efficacy and safety in vivo and in clinical trials. The accumulating information regarding pro- and antimelanogenic activity of peptides and related compounds will lead to the development of novel drugs for the treatment of skin pigmentary disorders. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:39:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e30cc5346c02423ead82f79c5bcc13ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:39:14Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-e30cc5346c02423ead82f79c5bcc13ea2023-11-20T12:11:44ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592020-09-018932210.3390/biomedicines8090322Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their AnalogsYong Chool Boo0Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, KoreaHarmonious synthesis and distribution of melanin in the skin contribute to the expression of beauty and the maintenance of health. When skin pigmentary disorders occur because of internal or external factors or, when there is a need to artificially increase or reduce the pigmentation level of the skin for aesthetic or therapeutic purposes, various pharmacological therapies are applied but the results are not always satisfactory. Studies have been conducted to improve the efficacy and safety of these treatment strategies. In this review, we present the latest studies regarding peptides and related compounds that may be useful in artificially increasing or reducing skin melanin levels. Certain analogs of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and oligopeptides with the sequences derived from the hormone were shown to promote melanin synthesis in cells and in vivo models. Various amino acids, peptides, their analogs, and their hybrid compounds with other chemical moieties were shown to inhibit tyrosinase (TYR) catalytic activity or downregulate TYR gene expression. Certain peptides were shown to inhibit melanosome biogenesis or induce autophagy, leading to decreased pigmentation. In vivo and clinical evidence are available for some compounds, including [Nle<sup>4</sup>-<sub>D</sub>-Phe<sup>7</sup>]-α-MSH, glutathione disulfide, and glycinamide hydrochloride. For many other compounds, additional studies are required to verify their efficacy and safety in vivo and in clinical trials. The accumulating information regarding pro- and antimelanogenic activity of peptides and related compounds will lead to the development of novel drugs for the treatment of skin pigmentary disorders.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/8/9/322pigmentationmelaninpeptideamino acidtyrosinaseinhibitor |
| spellingShingle | Yong Chool Boo Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs Biomedicines pigmentation melanin peptide amino acid tyrosinase inhibitor |
| title | Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs |
| title_full | Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs |
| title_fullStr | Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs |
| title_short | Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs |
| title_sort | up or downregulation of melanin synthesis using amino acids peptides and their analogs |
| topic | pigmentation melanin peptide amino acid tyrosinase inhibitor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/8/9/322 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yongchoolboo upordownregulationofmelaninsynthesisusingaminoacidspeptidesandtheiranalogs |