Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria diebac...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/4/802 |
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| author | Pierluigi Reveglia Regina Billones-Baaijens Jennifer Millera Niem Marco Masi Alessio Cimmino Antonio Evidente Sandra Savocchia |
| author_facet | Pierluigi Reveglia Regina Billones-Baaijens Jennifer Millera Niem Marco Masi Alessio Cimmino Antonio Evidente Sandra Savocchia |
| author_sort | Pierluigi Reveglia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with <i>Diplodia seriata</i>, <i>Spencermartinsia viticola</i> and <i>Dothiorella vidmadera</i> were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (<i>R</i>)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (<i>R</i>)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with <i>D. seriata</i> but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (<i>R</i>)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (<i>R</i>)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:11:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e3122b7dd2b84187a80fa94c24022aab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:11:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-e3122b7dd2b84187a80fa94c24022aab2023-11-21T16:13:16ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-04-0110480210.3390/plants10040802Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated GrapevinesPierluigi Reveglia0Regina Billones-Baaijens1Jennifer Millera Niem2Marco Masi3Alessio Cimmino4Antonio Evidente5Sandra Savocchia6National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, AustraliaNational Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, AustraliaNational Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, AustraliaDipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, ItalyNational Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, AustraliaGrapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with <i>Diplodia seriata</i>, <i>Spencermartinsia viticola</i> and <i>Dothiorella vidmadera</i> were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (<i>R</i>)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (<i>R</i>)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with <i>D. seriata</i> but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (<i>R</i>)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (<i>R</i>)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/4/802<i>Vitis vinifera</i>Botryosphaeria diebackfoliar symptoms(<i>R</i>)-melleinqPCRLC-MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Pierluigi Reveglia Regina Billones-Baaijens Jennifer Millera Niem Marco Masi Alessio Cimmino Antonio Evidente Sandra Savocchia Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines Plants <i>Vitis vinifera</i> Botryosphaeria dieback foliar symptoms (<i>R</i>)-mellein qPCR LC-MS/MS |
| title | Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines |
| title_full | Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines |
| title_fullStr | Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines |
| title_short | Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines |
| title_sort | production of phytotoxic metabolites by botryosphaeriaceae in naturally infected and artificially inoculated grapevines |
| topic | <i>Vitis vinifera</i> Botryosphaeria dieback foliar symptoms (<i>R</i>)-mellein qPCR LC-MS/MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/4/802 |
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