Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal that contaminates soil and water resources after its discharge from different industries. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of single and/or combined application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (250 μM) and sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (1 mM...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.973740/full |
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| author | Jing Ma Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Ghulam Yasin Sahar Mumtaz Freeha Fatima Qureshi Baber Ali Sezai Ercisli Sadeq K. Alhag Sadeq K. Alhag Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed Dan C. Vodnar Iqbal Hussain Romina Alina Marc Fu Chen |
| author_facet | Jing Ma Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Ghulam Yasin Sahar Mumtaz Freeha Fatima Qureshi Baber Ali Sezai Ercisli Sadeq K. Alhag Sadeq K. Alhag Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed Dan C. Vodnar Iqbal Hussain Romina Alina Marc Fu Chen |
| author_sort | Jing Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal that contaminates soil and water resources after its discharge from different industries. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of single and/or combined application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (250 μM) and sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (1 mM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ion uptake, organic acid exudation, and Cr uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) exposed to severe Cr stress [Cr: 0 (no Cr), 150, and 300 μM]. Our results depicted that Cr addition to the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, gas exchange attributes, and mineral uptake by S. oleracea when compared to the plants grown without the addition of Cr. However, Cr toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in S. oleracea, and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage to the membrane-bound organelles. The results showed that the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin, initially increased with an increase in the Cr concentration in the soil. The results also revealed that the levels of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were decreased in plants grown under elevating Cr levels, but the accumulation of the metal in the roots and shoots of S. oleracea, was found to be increased, and the values of bioaccumulation factor were <1 in all the Cr treatments. The negative impacts of Cr injury were reduced by the application of SNP and NaHS (individually or combined), which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral uptake, as well as diminished the exudation of organic acids and oxidative stress indicators in roots of S. oleracea by decreasing Cr toxicity. Here, we conclude that the application of SNP and NaHS under the exposure to Cr stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange characteristics; regulated antioxidant defense system and essential nutrient uptake; and balanced organic acid exudation pattern in S. oleracea. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T13:11:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e32d8276c38445788d230381d09c619a |
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| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T13:11:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-e32d8276c38445788d230381d09c619a2022-12-22T02:45:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2022-08-011310.3389/fpls.2022.973740973740Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)Jing Ma0Muhammad Hamzah Saleem1Ghulam Yasin2Sahar Mumtaz3Freeha Fatima Qureshi4Baber Ali5Sezai Ercisli6Sadeq K. Alhag7Sadeq K. Alhag8Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed9Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed10Dan C. Vodnar11Iqbal Hussain12Romina Alina Marc13Fu Chen14School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, ChinaCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaInstitute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PakistanDivision of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Horticulture Faculty of Agriculture Ataturk University, Erzurum, TurkeyBiology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayil, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, College of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen0Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia1Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt2Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan3Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaSchool of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, ChinaChromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal that contaminates soil and water resources after its discharge from different industries. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of single and/or combined application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (250 μM) and sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (1 mM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ion uptake, organic acid exudation, and Cr uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) exposed to severe Cr stress [Cr: 0 (no Cr), 150, and 300 μM]. Our results depicted that Cr addition to the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, gas exchange attributes, and mineral uptake by S. oleracea when compared to the plants grown without the addition of Cr. However, Cr toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in S. oleracea, and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage to the membrane-bound organelles. The results showed that the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin, initially increased with an increase in the Cr concentration in the soil. The results also revealed that the levels of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were decreased in plants grown under elevating Cr levels, but the accumulation of the metal in the roots and shoots of S. oleracea, was found to be increased, and the values of bioaccumulation factor were <1 in all the Cr treatments. The negative impacts of Cr injury were reduced by the application of SNP and NaHS (individually or combined), which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral uptake, as well as diminished the exudation of organic acids and oxidative stress indicators in roots of S. oleracea by decreasing Cr toxicity. Here, we conclude that the application of SNP and NaHS under the exposure to Cr stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange characteristics; regulated antioxidant defense system and essential nutrient uptake; and balanced organic acid exudation pattern in S. oleracea.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.973740/fullheavy metalstaple foodchemical compoundsantioxidant machineryessential nutrients |
| spellingShingle | Jing Ma Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Ghulam Yasin Sahar Mumtaz Freeha Fatima Qureshi Baber Ali Sezai Ercisli Sadeq K. Alhag Sadeq K. Alhag Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed Dan C. Vodnar Iqbal Hussain Romina Alina Marc Fu Chen Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Frontiers in Plant Science heavy metal staple food chemical compounds antioxidant machinery essential nutrients |
| title | Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) |
| title_full | Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) |
| title_fullStr | Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) |
| title_short | Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) |
| title_sort | individual and combinatorial effects of snp and nahs on morpho physio biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through cr stressed spinach spinacia oleracea l |
| topic | heavy metal staple food chemical compounds antioxidant machinery essential nutrients |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.973740/full |
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