Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze biomarkers that might predict the severity and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute phase and after recovery. Methods: Unvaccinated patients infected with the original strain of COVID-19 requiring ward (Group 1, n = 48) or ICU...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/45/3/128 |
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| author | Silvia Sánchez-Díez Carlos Gómez-Ollés María-Jesús Cruz Miquel de Homdedeu David Espejo Jaume Ferrer Oriol Roca Andrés Pacheco Xavier Muñoz |
| author_facet | Silvia Sánchez-Díez Carlos Gómez-Ollés María-Jesús Cruz Miquel de Homdedeu David Espejo Jaume Ferrer Oriol Roca Andrés Pacheco Xavier Muñoz |
| author_sort | Silvia Sánchez-Díez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze biomarkers that might predict the severity and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute phase and after recovery. Methods: Unvaccinated patients infected with the original strain of COVID-19 requiring ward (Group 1, n = 48) or ICU (Group 2, n = 41) admission were included. At the time of admission (visit 1), a clinical history was acquired, and blood samples were obtained. One and six months after discharge from the hospital (visits 2 and 3, respectively), a clinical history, lung function tests, and blood samples were carried out. At visit 2, patients also underwent a chest CT scan. Different cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-ɣ, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and TNF-α) and lung fibrosis biomarkers (YKL-40 and KL-6) were measured in blood samples obtained at visits 1, 2, and 3. Results: At visit 1, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 levels were higher in Group 2 (<i>p</i> = 0.039, 0.011, and 0.045, respectively), and IL-17 and IL-8 levels were higher in Group 1 (<i>p</i> = 0.026 and 0.001, respectively). The number of patients in Groups 1 and 2 who died during hospitalization was 8 and 11, respectively. YKL-40 and KL-6 levels were higher in patients who died. Serum YKL-40 and KL-6 levels determined at visit 2 correlated negatively with FVC (<i>p</i> = 0.022 and <i>p</i> = 0.024, respectively) and FEV1 (<i>p</i> = 0.012 and <i>p</i> = 0.032, respectively) measured at visit 3. KL-6 levels also correlated negatively with the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who required ICU admission had higher levels of Th2 cytokines, while patients admitted to the ward showed an innate immune response activation, with IL-8 release and Th1/Th17 lymphocyte contribution. Increased levels of YKL-40 and KL-6 were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:44:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e3469bd5978540a0935475c36dfdeb2a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1467-3037 1467-3045 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:44:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e3469bd5978540a0935475c36dfdeb2a2023-11-17T10:22:52ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452023-03-014531998201210.3390/cimb45030128Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and MortalitySilvia Sánchez-Díez0Carlos Gómez-Ollés1María-Jesús Cruz2Miquel de Homdedeu3David Espejo4Jaume Ferrer5Oriol Roca6Andrés Pacheco7Xavier Muñoz8Pulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainPulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainPulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainPulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainPulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainPulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainIntensive Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, SpainIntensive Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, SpainPulmonology Service, Department of Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, SpainIntroduction: The aim of this study was to analyze biomarkers that might predict the severity and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute phase and after recovery. Methods: Unvaccinated patients infected with the original strain of COVID-19 requiring ward (Group 1, n = 48) or ICU (Group 2, n = 41) admission were included. At the time of admission (visit 1), a clinical history was acquired, and blood samples were obtained. One and six months after discharge from the hospital (visits 2 and 3, respectively), a clinical history, lung function tests, and blood samples were carried out. At visit 2, patients also underwent a chest CT scan. Different cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-ɣ, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and TNF-α) and lung fibrosis biomarkers (YKL-40 and KL-6) were measured in blood samples obtained at visits 1, 2, and 3. Results: At visit 1, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 levels were higher in Group 2 (<i>p</i> = 0.039, 0.011, and 0.045, respectively), and IL-17 and IL-8 levels were higher in Group 1 (<i>p</i> = 0.026 and 0.001, respectively). The number of patients in Groups 1 and 2 who died during hospitalization was 8 and 11, respectively. YKL-40 and KL-6 levels were higher in patients who died. Serum YKL-40 and KL-6 levels determined at visit 2 correlated negatively with FVC (<i>p</i> = 0.022 and <i>p</i> = 0.024, respectively) and FEV1 (<i>p</i> = 0.012 and <i>p</i> = 0.032, respectively) measured at visit 3. KL-6 levels also correlated negatively with the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who required ICU admission had higher levels of Th2 cytokines, while patients admitted to the ward showed an innate immune response activation, with IL-8 release and Th1/Th17 lymphocyte contribution. Increased levels of YKL-40 and KL-6 were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/45/3/128COVID-19cytokinesserumlung fibrosis |
| spellingShingle | Silvia Sánchez-Díez Carlos Gómez-Ollés María-Jesús Cruz Miquel de Homdedeu David Espejo Jaume Ferrer Oriol Roca Andrés Pacheco Xavier Muñoz Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Current Issues in Molecular Biology COVID-19 cytokines serum lung fibrosis |
| title | Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality |
| title_full | Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality |
| title_fullStr | Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality |
| title_short | Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality |
| title_sort | biomarker profiles associated with covid 19 severity and mortality |
| topic | COVID-19 cytokines serum lung fibrosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/45/3/128 |
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