Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most important plant viruses worldwide. It has a very wide host range infecting at least 318 species in over 43 families, such as Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, or Chenopodiaceae from dicotyledons. Plant NADPH oxidases, the respiratory burst oxidase homo...
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/22/8510 |
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| author | Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł Edmund Kozieł Józef Julian Bujarski Justyna Frankowska-Łukawska Miguel Angel Torres |
| author_facet | Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł Edmund Kozieł Józef Julian Bujarski Justyna Frankowska-Łukawska Miguel Angel Torres |
| author_sort | Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most important plant viruses worldwide. It has a very wide host range infecting at least 318 species in over 43 families, such as Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, or Chenopodiaceae from dicotyledons. Plant NADPH oxidases, the respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant–microbe interactions. The functions of RBOHs in different plant–pathogen interactions have been analyzed using knockout mutants, but little focus has been given to plant–virus responses. Therefore, in this work we tested the response after mechanical inoculation with TuMV in <i>Arabidopsis</i><i>rbohD</i> and <i>rbohF</i> transposon knockout mutants and analyzed ultrastructural changes after TuMV inoculation. The development of the TuMV infection cycle was promoted in <i>rbohD</i> plants, suggesting that RbohD plays a role in the <i>Arabidopsis</i> resistance response to TuMV. <i>rbohF</i> and <i>rbohD/F</i> mutants display less TuMV accumulation and a lack of virus cytoplasmic inclusions were observed; these observations suggest that RbohF promotes viral replication and increases susceptibility to TuMV. <i>rbohD/F</i> displayed a reduction in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> but enhanced resistance similarly to <i>rbohF</i>. This dominant effect of the <i>rbohF</i> mutation could indicate that RbohF acts as a susceptibility factor. Induction of hydrogen peroxide by TuMV was partially compromised in <i>rbohD</i> mutants whereas it was almost completely abolished in <i>rbohD/F,</i> indicating that these oxidases are responsible for most of the ROS produced in this interaction. The pattern of in situ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> deposition after infection of the more resistant <i>rbohF</i> and <i>rbohD/F</i> genotypes suggests a putative role of these species on systemic signal transport. The ultrastructural localization and quantification of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) indicate that ROS produced by these oxidases also influence PR1 distribution in the TuMV-<i>A.</i><i>thaliana</i> pathosystem. Our results revealed the highest activation of PR1 in <i>rbohD</i> and Col-0. Thus, our findings indicate a correlation between PR1 accumulation and susceptibility to TuMV. The specific localization of PR1 in the most resistant genotypes after TuMV inoculation may indicate a connection of PR1 induction with susceptibility, which may be characteristic for this pathosystem. Our results clearly indicate the importance of NADPH oxidases RbohD and RbohF in the regulation of the TuMV infection cycle in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. These findings may help provide a better understanding of the mechanisms modulating <i>A.</i><i>thaliana</i>–TuMV interactions. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e3732beb37c54835a3688cece1adda732023-11-20T20:41:25ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-11-012122851010.3390/ijms21228510Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn SystemKatarzyna Otulak-Kozieł0Edmund Kozieł1Józef Julian Bujarski2Justyna Frankowska-Łukawska3Miguel Angel Torres4Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USADepartment of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigacióny Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), SpainTurnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most important plant viruses worldwide. It has a very wide host range infecting at least 318 species in over 43 families, such as Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, or Chenopodiaceae from dicotyledons. Plant NADPH oxidases, the respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant–microbe interactions. The functions of RBOHs in different plant–pathogen interactions have been analyzed using knockout mutants, but little focus has been given to plant–virus responses. Therefore, in this work we tested the response after mechanical inoculation with TuMV in <i>Arabidopsis</i><i>rbohD</i> and <i>rbohF</i> transposon knockout mutants and analyzed ultrastructural changes after TuMV inoculation. The development of the TuMV infection cycle was promoted in <i>rbohD</i> plants, suggesting that RbohD plays a role in the <i>Arabidopsis</i> resistance response to TuMV. <i>rbohF</i> and <i>rbohD/F</i> mutants display less TuMV accumulation and a lack of virus cytoplasmic inclusions were observed; these observations suggest that RbohF promotes viral replication and increases susceptibility to TuMV. <i>rbohD/F</i> displayed a reduction in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> but enhanced resistance similarly to <i>rbohF</i>. This dominant effect of the <i>rbohF</i> mutation could indicate that RbohF acts as a susceptibility factor. Induction of hydrogen peroxide by TuMV was partially compromised in <i>rbohD</i> mutants whereas it was almost completely abolished in <i>rbohD/F,</i> indicating that these oxidases are responsible for most of the ROS produced in this interaction. The pattern of in situ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> deposition after infection of the more resistant <i>rbohF</i> and <i>rbohD/F</i> genotypes suggests a putative role of these species on systemic signal transport. The ultrastructural localization and quantification of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) indicate that ROS produced by these oxidases also influence PR1 distribution in the TuMV-<i>A.</i><i>thaliana</i> pathosystem. Our results revealed the highest activation of PR1 in <i>rbohD</i> and Col-0. Thus, our findings indicate a correlation between PR1 accumulation and susceptibility to TuMV. The specific localization of PR1 in the most resistant genotypes after TuMV inoculation may indicate a connection of PR1 induction with susceptibility, which may be characteristic for this pathosystem. Our results clearly indicate the importance of NADPH oxidases RbohD and RbohF in the regulation of the TuMV infection cycle in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. These findings may help provide a better understanding of the mechanisms modulating <i>A.</i><i>thaliana</i>–TuMV interactions.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/22/8510plant–virus interactionresistance responsepotyvirusultrastructurepathogenesis-related protein 1hydrogen peroxide |
| spellingShingle | Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł Edmund Kozieł Józef Julian Bujarski Justyna Frankowska-Łukawska Miguel Angel Torres Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System International Journal of Molecular Sciences plant–virus interaction resistance response potyvirus ultrastructure pathogenesis-related protein 1 hydrogen peroxide |
| title | Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System |
| title_full | Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System |
| title_fullStr | Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System |
| title_short | Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus—<i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> (L.) Heyhn System |
| title_sort | respiratory burst oxidase homologs rbohd and rbohf as key modulating components of response in turnip mosaic virus i arabidopsis i i thaliana i l heyhn system |
| topic | plant–virus interaction resistance response potyvirus ultrastructure pathogenesis-related protein 1 hydrogen peroxide |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/22/8510 |
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