A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish
The changes in blood glucose levels are a key indicator of fish health conditions and are closely correlated to their stress levels. Here, we developed a self-powered glucose biosensor (SPGB) consisting of a needle-type enzymatic biofuel cell (N-EFC), which was operated underwater and connected to a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/10/1827 |
| _version_ | 1798040298559897600 |
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| author | Shih-Hao Huang Wei-Hung Chen Yu-Chen Lin |
| author_facet | Shih-Hao Huang Wei-Hung Chen Yu-Chen Lin |
| author_sort | Shih-Hao Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The changes in blood glucose levels are a key indicator of fish health conditions and are closely correlated to their stress levels. Here, we developed a self-powered glucose biosensor (SPGB) consisting of a needle-type enzymatic biofuel cell (N-EFC), which was operated underwater and connected to a charge pump integrated circuit (IC) and a light emitting diode (LED) as the indicator. The N-EFC consisted of a needle bioanode, which was inserted into the caudal area of a living fish (Tilapia) to access biofuels, and a gas-diffusion biocathode sealed in an airtight bag. The N-EFC was immersed entirely in the water and connected to a charge pump IC with a capacitor, which enabled charging and discharging of the bioelectricity generated from the N-EFC to blink an LED. Using a smartphone, the glucose concentration can be determined by observing the LED blinking frequencies that are linearly proportional to the blood glucose concentration within a detection range of 10–180 mg/dL. We have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the SPGB used to continuously monitor the physiological status of free-swimming fish treated with cold shock in real time. The power generated by a free-swimming fish with an N-EFC inserted into its caudal area, swimming in a fish tank with a water temperature (T<sub>w</sub>) of 25 °C, exhibited an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V and a maximum power density of 6.3 μW/cm<sup>2</sup> at 0.25 V with a current density of 25 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>. By gradually decreasing T<sub>w</sub> from 25 °C to 15 °C, the power generation increased to a maximum power density of 8.6 μW/cm<sup>2</sup> at 0.27 V with a current density of 31 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>. The blood glucose levels of the free-swimming fish at 25 °C and 15 °C determined by the blinking frequencies were 44 mg/dL and 98 mg/dL, respectively. Our proposed SPGB provides an effective power-free method for stress visualization and evaluation of fish health by monitoring a blinking LED through a smartphone. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e3a6d8d9f1464f0a9bd589b6d595dc51 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:05:41Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-e3a6d8d9f1464f0a9bd589b6d595dc512022-12-22T04:00:44ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732019-05-011210182710.3390/en12101827en12101827A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming FishShih-Hao Huang0Wei-Hung Chen1Yu-Chen Lin2Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, TaiwanThe changes in blood glucose levels are a key indicator of fish health conditions and are closely correlated to their stress levels. Here, we developed a self-powered glucose biosensor (SPGB) consisting of a needle-type enzymatic biofuel cell (N-EFC), which was operated underwater and connected to a charge pump integrated circuit (IC) and a light emitting diode (LED) as the indicator. The N-EFC consisted of a needle bioanode, which was inserted into the caudal area of a living fish (Tilapia) to access biofuels, and a gas-diffusion biocathode sealed in an airtight bag. The N-EFC was immersed entirely in the water and connected to a charge pump IC with a capacitor, which enabled charging and discharging of the bioelectricity generated from the N-EFC to blink an LED. Using a smartphone, the glucose concentration can be determined by observing the LED blinking frequencies that are linearly proportional to the blood glucose concentration within a detection range of 10–180 mg/dL. We have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the SPGB used to continuously monitor the physiological status of free-swimming fish treated with cold shock in real time. The power generated by a free-swimming fish with an N-EFC inserted into its caudal area, swimming in a fish tank with a water temperature (T<sub>w</sub>) of 25 °C, exhibited an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V and a maximum power density of 6.3 μW/cm<sup>2</sup> at 0.25 V with a current density of 25 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>. By gradually decreasing T<sub>w</sub> from 25 °C to 15 °C, the power generation increased to a maximum power density of 8.6 μW/cm<sup>2</sup> at 0.27 V with a current density of 31 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>. The blood glucose levels of the free-swimming fish at 25 °C and 15 °C determined by the blinking frequencies were 44 mg/dL and 98 mg/dL, respectively. Our proposed SPGB provides an effective power-free method for stress visualization and evaluation of fish health by monitoring a blinking LED through a smartphone.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/10/1827enzymatic biofuel cellblood glucosefishself-powered |
| spellingShingle | Shih-Hao Huang Wei-Hung Chen Yu-Chen Lin A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish Energies enzymatic biofuel cell blood glucose fish self-powered |
| title | A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish |
| title_full | A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish |
| title_fullStr | A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish |
| title_short | A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish |
| title_sort | self powered glucose biosensor operated underwater to monitor physiological status of free swimming fish |
| topic | enzymatic biofuel cell blood glucose fish self-powered |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/10/1827 |
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