Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish
Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 (dihydro-DTX1, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 819.5), described previously from a marine sponge but never identified as to its biological source or described in shellfish, was detected in multiple species of commercial shellfish collected from the centra...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/533 |
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| author | Jonathan R. Deeds Whitney L. Stutts Mary Dawn Celiz Jill MacLeod Amy E. Hamilton Bryant J. Lewis David W. Miller Kohl Kanwit Juliette L. Smith David M. Kulis Pearse McCarron Carlton D. Rauschenberg Craig A. Burnell Stephen D. Archer Jerry Borchert Shelley K. Lankford |
| author_facet | Jonathan R. Deeds Whitney L. Stutts Mary Dawn Celiz Jill MacLeod Amy E. Hamilton Bryant J. Lewis David W. Miller Kohl Kanwit Juliette L. Smith David M. Kulis Pearse McCarron Carlton D. Rauschenberg Craig A. Burnell Stephen D. Archer Jerry Borchert Shelley K. Lankford |
| author_sort | Jonathan R. Deeds |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 (dihydro-DTX1, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 819.5), described previously from a marine sponge but never identified as to its biological source or described in shellfish, was detected in multiple species of commercial shellfish collected from the central coast of the Gulf of Maine, USA in 2016 and in 2018 during blooms of the dinoflagellate <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i>. Toxin screening by protein phosphatase inhibition (PPIA) first detected the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning-like bioactivity; however, confirmatory analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) failed to detect okadaic acid (OA, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 803.5), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 817.5), or dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 803.5) in samples collected during the bloom. Bioactivity-guided fractionation followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) tentatively identified dihydro-DTX1 in the PPIA active fraction. LC-MS/MS measurements showed an absence of OA, DTX1, and DTX2, but confirmed the presence of dihydro-DTX1 in shellfish during blooms of <i>D. norvegica</i> in both years, with results correlating well with PPIA testing. Two laboratory cultures of <i>D. norvegica</i> isolated from the 2018 bloom were found to produce dihydro-DTX1 as the sole DSP toxin, confirming the source of this compound in shellfish. Estimated concentrations of dihydro-DTX1 were >0.16 ppm in multiple shellfish species (max. 1.1 ppm) during the blooms in 2016 and 2018. Assuming an equivalent potency and molar response to DTX1, the authority initiated precautionary shellfish harvesting closures in both years. To date, no illnesses have been associated with the presence of dihydro-DTX1 in shellfish in the Gulf of Maine region and studies are underway to determine the potency of this new toxin relative to the currently regulated DSP toxins in order to develop appropriate management guidance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:06:22Z |
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| id | doaj.art-e3d30b089cec4fbb853f5d84cb12f3fd |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:06:22Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e3d30b089cec4fbb853f5d84cb12f3fd2023-11-20T10:49:33ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-08-0112953310.3390/toxins12090533Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in ShellfishJonathan R. Deeds0Whitney L. Stutts1Mary Dawn Celiz2Jill MacLeod3Amy E. Hamilton4Bryant J. Lewis5David W. Miller6Kohl Kanwit7Juliette L. Smith8David M. Kulis9Pearse McCarron10Carlton D. Rauschenberg11Craig A. Burnell12Stephen D. Archer13Jerry Borchert14Shelley K. Lankford15Office of Regulatory Science, United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USAOffice of Regulatory Science, United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USAOffice of Regulatory Science, United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USAMaine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USAMaine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USAMaine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USAMaine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USAMaine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USAVirginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USADepartment of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USABiotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, CanadaBigelow Analytical Services, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USABigelow Analytical Services, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USABigelow Analytical Services, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USAWashington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA 98504, USAWashington State Department of Health Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA 98155, USADihydrodinophysistoxin-1 (dihydro-DTX1, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 819.5), described previously from a marine sponge but never identified as to its biological source or described in shellfish, was detected in multiple species of commercial shellfish collected from the central coast of the Gulf of Maine, USA in 2016 and in 2018 during blooms of the dinoflagellate <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i>. Toxin screening by protein phosphatase inhibition (PPIA) first detected the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning-like bioactivity; however, confirmatory analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) failed to detect okadaic acid (OA, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 803.5), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 817.5), or dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2, (M-H)<sup>−</sup><i>m/z</i> 803.5) in samples collected during the bloom. Bioactivity-guided fractionation followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) tentatively identified dihydro-DTX1 in the PPIA active fraction. LC-MS/MS measurements showed an absence of OA, DTX1, and DTX2, but confirmed the presence of dihydro-DTX1 in shellfish during blooms of <i>D. norvegica</i> in both years, with results correlating well with PPIA testing. Two laboratory cultures of <i>D. norvegica</i> isolated from the 2018 bloom were found to produce dihydro-DTX1 as the sole DSP toxin, confirming the source of this compound in shellfish. Estimated concentrations of dihydro-DTX1 were >0.16 ppm in multiple shellfish species (max. 1.1 ppm) during the blooms in 2016 and 2018. Assuming an equivalent potency and molar response to DTX1, the authority initiated precautionary shellfish harvesting closures in both years. To date, no illnesses have been associated with the presence of dihydro-DTX1 in shellfish in the Gulf of Maine region and studies are underway to determine the potency of this new toxin relative to the currently regulated DSP toxins in order to develop appropriate management guidance.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/533diarrhetic shellfish poisoningdihydro-DTX1<i>Dinophysis norvegica</i>Gulf of Maine USA |
| spellingShingle | Jonathan R. Deeds Whitney L. Stutts Mary Dawn Celiz Jill MacLeod Amy E. Hamilton Bryant J. Lewis David W. Miller Kohl Kanwit Juliette L. Smith David M. Kulis Pearse McCarron Carlton D. Rauschenberg Craig A. Burnell Stephen D. Archer Jerry Borchert Shelley K. Lankford Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish Toxins diarrhetic shellfish poisoning dihydro-DTX1 <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> Gulf of Maine USA |
| title | Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish |
| title_full | Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish |
| title_fullStr | Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish |
| title_short | Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish |
| title_sort | dihydrodinophysistoxin 1 produced by i dinophysis norvegica i in the gulf of maine usa and its accumulation in shellfish |
| topic | diarrhetic shellfish poisoning dihydro-DTX1 <i>Dinophysis norvegica</i> Gulf of Maine USA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/533 |
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