Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole
During the postharvest period, citrus fruits are exposed to <i>Penicillium italicum</i>, <i>Penicillium digitatum,</i> and <i>Geotrichum candidum</i>. Pesticides such as imazalil (IMZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), orthophenylphenol (OPP), and guazatine (GUA) are commonly...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8300 |
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| author | Nor EL Houda Tahiri Hamza Saghrouchni Noureddine Hamamouch Mostafa El Khomsi Abdulhakeem Alzahrani Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah Lyoussi Badiaa Lalla Aicha Lrhorfi |
| author_facet | Nor EL Houda Tahiri Hamza Saghrouchni Noureddine Hamamouch Mostafa El Khomsi Abdulhakeem Alzahrani Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah Lyoussi Badiaa Lalla Aicha Lrhorfi |
| author_sort | Nor EL Houda Tahiri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During the postharvest period, citrus fruits are exposed to <i>Penicillium italicum</i>, <i>Penicillium digitatum,</i> and <i>Geotrichum candidum</i>. Pesticides such as imazalil (IMZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), orthophenylphenol (OPP), and guazatine (GUA) are commonly used as antifungals. Glyphosate (GP) is also used in citrus fields to eliminate weed growth. The sensitivity of fungal pathogens of citrus fruit to these pesticides and 1,8-cineole was evaluated, and the effect of GP on the development of cross-resistance to other chemicals was monitored over a period of 3 weeks. IMZ most effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of <i>P. digitatum</i> and <i>P. italicum</i>, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively, followed by 1,8-cineole, GP, and TBZ. 1,8-Cineole and GP more effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of <i>G. candidum</i>, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.2 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively, than OPP or GUA. For the spore germination assay, all substances tested showed a total inhibitory effect. Subculturing the fungal strains in culture media containing increasing concentrations of GP induced fungal tolerance to GP as well as to the fungicides. In soil, experiments confirmed that GP induced the tolerance of <i>P. digitatum</i> to TBZ and GP and the tolerance of <i>P. italicum</i> to IMZ, TBZ, and GP. However, no tolerance was recorded against 1,8-cineole. In conclusion, it can be said that 1,8-cineole may be recommended as an alternative to conventional fungicides. In addition, these results indicate that caution should be taken when using GP in citrus fields. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:40:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e3e4129e1270469fa6a2ae3b04785349 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T12:53:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e3e4129e1270469fa6a2ae3b047853492024-04-05T17:11:21ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-11-012723830010.3390/molecules27238300Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-CineoleNor EL Houda Tahiri0Hamza Saghrouchni1Noureddine Hamamouch2Mostafa El Khomsi3Abdulhakeem Alzahrani4Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah5Lyoussi Badiaa6Lalla Aicha Lrhorfi7Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnologies and Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P. 133, Kenitra 14000, MoroccoDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Balcalı/Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, TurkeyLaboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, MoroccoNatural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P. 133, Kenitra 14000, MoroccoDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11 P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11 P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaLaboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, MoroccoLaboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnologies and Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P. 133, Kenitra 14000, MoroccoDuring the postharvest period, citrus fruits are exposed to <i>Penicillium italicum</i>, <i>Penicillium digitatum,</i> and <i>Geotrichum candidum</i>. Pesticides such as imazalil (IMZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), orthophenylphenol (OPP), and guazatine (GUA) are commonly used as antifungals. Glyphosate (GP) is also used in citrus fields to eliminate weed growth. The sensitivity of fungal pathogens of citrus fruit to these pesticides and 1,8-cineole was evaluated, and the effect of GP on the development of cross-resistance to other chemicals was monitored over a period of 3 weeks. IMZ most effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of <i>P. digitatum</i> and <i>P. italicum</i>, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively, followed by 1,8-cineole, GP, and TBZ. 1,8-Cineole and GP more effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of <i>G. candidum</i>, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.2 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively, than OPP or GUA. For the spore germination assay, all substances tested showed a total inhibitory effect. Subculturing the fungal strains in culture media containing increasing concentrations of GP induced fungal tolerance to GP as well as to the fungicides. In soil, experiments confirmed that GP induced the tolerance of <i>P. digitatum</i> to TBZ and GP and the tolerance of <i>P. italicum</i> to IMZ, TBZ, and GP. However, no tolerance was recorded against 1,8-cineole. In conclusion, it can be said that 1,8-cineole may be recommended as an alternative to conventional fungicides. In addition, these results indicate that caution should be taken when using GP in citrus fields.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8300<i>Penicillium italicum</i><i>Penicillium digitatum</i><i>Geotrichum candidum</i>1,8-cineolefungicide tolerancecross-resistance |
| spellingShingle | Nor EL Houda Tahiri Hamza Saghrouchni Noureddine Hamamouch Mostafa El Khomsi Abdulhakeem Alzahrani Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah Lyoussi Badiaa Lalla Aicha Lrhorfi Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole Molecules <i>Penicillium italicum</i> <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> <i>Geotrichum candidum</i> 1,8-cineole fungicide tolerance cross-resistance |
| title | Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole |
| title_full | Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole |
| title_fullStr | Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole |
| title_full_unstemmed | Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole |
| title_short | Treatment with Glyphosate Induces Tolerance of Citrus Pathogens to Glyphosate and Fungicides but Not to 1,8-Cineole |
| title_sort | treatment with glyphosate induces tolerance of citrus pathogens to glyphosate and fungicides but not to 1 8 cineole |
| topic | <i>Penicillium italicum</i> <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> <i>Geotrichum candidum</i> 1,8-cineole fungicide tolerance cross-resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8300 |
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