Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe, incurable, and costly condition leading to heart failure. The link between PD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available, leading to controversies and poor prognosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already shown promise for CVD/stroke risk stratificatio...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/4/312 |
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| author | Jasjit S. Suri Sudip Paul Maheshrao A. Maindarkar Anudeep Puvvula Sanjay Saxena Luca Saba Monika Turk John R. Laird Narendra N. Khanna Klaudija Viskovic Inder M. Singh Mannudeep Kalra Padukode R. Krishnan Amer Johri Kosmas I. Paraskevas |
| author_facet | Jasjit S. Suri Sudip Paul Maheshrao A. Maindarkar Anudeep Puvvula Sanjay Saxena Luca Saba Monika Turk John R. Laird Narendra N. Khanna Klaudija Viskovic Inder M. Singh Mannudeep Kalra Padukode R. Krishnan Amer Johri Kosmas I. Paraskevas |
| author_sort | Jasjit S. Suri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe, incurable, and costly condition leading to heart failure. The link between PD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available, leading to controversies and poor prognosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already shown promise for CVD/stroke risk stratification. However, due to a lack of sample size, comorbidity, insufficient validation, clinical examination, and a lack of big data configuration, there have been <i>no well-explained bias-free AI investigations</i> to establish the CVD/Stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The study has two objectives: (i) to establish a solid link between PD and CVD/stroke; and (ii) to use the AI paradigm to examine a well-defined CVD/stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The PRISMA search strategy selected <b>223</b> studies for CVD/stroke risk, of which <b>54</b> and <b>44</b> studies were related to the link between PD-CVD, and PD-stroke, respectively, <b>59</b> studies for joint PD-CVD-Stroke framework, and <b>66</b> studies were only for the early PD diagnosis without CVD/stroke link. Sequential biological links were used for establishing the hypothesis. For AI design, PD risk factors as covariates along with CVD/stroke as the gold standard were used for predicting the CVD/stroke risk. The most fundamental cause of CVD/stroke damage due to PD is <i>cardiac</i> <i>autonomic dysfunction due to neurodegeneration that leads to heart failure and its edema,</i> and this validated our hypothesis. Finally, we present the novel AI solutions for CVD/stroke risk prediction in the PD framework. The study also recommends strategies for removing the bias in AI for CVD/stroke risk prediction using the PD framework. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:24:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e3ecf563c0c849628d0fc14079dd997f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:24:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-e3ecf563c0c849628d0fc14079dd997f2023-12-03T13:42:53ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-03-0112431210.3390/metabo12040312Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic ReviewJasjit S. Suri0Sudip Paul1Maheshrao A. Maindarkar2Anudeep Puvvula3Sanjay Saxena4Luca Saba5Monika Turk6John R. Laird7Narendra N. Khanna8Klaudija Viskovic9Inder M. Singh10Mannudeep Kalra11Padukode R. Krishnan12Amer Johri13Kosmas I. Paraskevas14Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, IndiaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, IndiaStroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USADepartment of CSE, International Institute of Information Technology, Bhuneshwar 751003, IndiaDepartment of Radiology, University of Cagliari, 09121 Cagliari, ItalyDeparment of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 1262 Maribor, SloveniaHeart and Vascular Institute, Adventist Health St. Helena, St. Helena, CA 94574, USADepartment of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, New Delhi 110001, IndiaDepartment of Radiology and Ultrasound, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaStroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USADepartment of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USANeurology Department, Fortis Hospital, Bangalore 560010, IndiaDepartment of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadaDepartment of Vascular Surgery, Central Clinic of Athens, 106 80 Athens, GreeceParkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe, incurable, and costly condition leading to heart failure. The link between PD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available, leading to controversies and poor prognosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already shown promise for CVD/stroke risk stratification. However, due to a lack of sample size, comorbidity, insufficient validation, clinical examination, and a lack of big data configuration, there have been <i>no well-explained bias-free AI investigations</i> to establish the CVD/Stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The study has two objectives: (i) to establish a solid link between PD and CVD/stroke; and (ii) to use the AI paradigm to examine a well-defined CVD/stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The PRISMA search strategy selected <b>223</b> studies for CVD/stroke risk, of which <b>54</b> and <b>44</b> studies were related to the link between PD-CVD, and PD-stroke, respectively, <b>59</b> studies for joint PD-CVD-Stroke framework, and <b>66</b> studies were only for the early PD diagnosis without CVD/stroke link. Sequential biological links were used for establishing the hypothesis. For AI design, PD risk factors as covariates along with CVD/stroke as the gold standard were used for predicting the CVD/stroke risk. The most fundamental cause of CVD/stroke damage due to PD is <i>cardiac</i> <i>autonomic dysfunction due to neurodegeneration that leads to heart failure and its edema,</i> and this validated our hypothesis. Finally, we present the novel AI solutions for CVD/stroke risk prediction in the PD framework. The study also recommends strategies for removing the bias in AI for CVD/stroke risk prediction using the PD framework.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/4/312Parkinson’s diseasecardiac autonomic dysfunctioncardiovascular diseasestrokeartificial intelligencedeep learning |
| spellingShingle | Jasjit S. Suri Sudip Paul Maheshrao A. Maindarkar Anudeep Puvvula Sanjay Saxena Luca Saba Monika Turk John R. Laird Narendra N. Khanna Klaudija Viskovic Inder M. Singh Mannudeep Kalra Padukode R. Krishnan Amer Johri Kosmas I. Paraskevas Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review Metabolites Parkinson’s disease cardiac autonomic dysfunction cardiovascular disease stroke artificial intelligence deep learning |
| title | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | cardiovascular stroke risk stratification in parkinson s disease patients using atherosclerosis pathway and artificial intelligence paradigm a systematic review |
| topic | Parkinson’s disease cardiac autonomic dysfunction cardiovascular disease stroke artificial intelligence deep learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/4/312 |
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