Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals
One of the main mechanisms of inducing an antiviral response depends on 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), which sense double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm and activate RNase L. Mutations leading to the loss of functional <i>OAS1</i> and <i>OAS2</i> genes have been ident...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/419 |
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| author | Leopold Eckhart Wolfgang Sipos |
| author_facet | Leopold Eckhart Wolfgang Sipos |
| author_sort | Leopold Eckhart |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the main mechanisms of inducing an antiviral response depends on 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), which sense double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm and activate RNase L. Mutations leading to the loss of functional <i>OAS1</i> and <i>OAS2</i> genes have been identified as important modifiers of the human immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we performed comparative genomics to search for inactivating mutations of <i>OAS</i> genes in other species of mammals and to establish a model for the diversifying evolution of the <i>OAS</i> gene family. We found that a recombination of the <i>OAS</i> and <i>OAS-like</i> (<i>OASL</i>) loci has led to the loss of <i>OAS2</i> in camelids, which also lack <i>OAS3</i>. Both paralogs of <i>OASL</i> and <i>OAS3</i> are absent in Asian pangolins. An evolutionarily ancient <i>OAS</i> paralog, which we tentatively name <i>OAS4</i>, has been lost in pangolins, bats and humans. A previously unknown <i>OAS</i> gene, tentatively named <i>OAS5</i>, is present in Yangochiroptera, a suborder of bats. These differences in the <i>OAS</i> gene repertoire may affect innate immune responses to coronaviruses and other RNA viruses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e3ed5c7f4a314f2e897db5e9bd4003f2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-e3ed5c7f4a314f2e897db5e9bd4003f22023-11-16T23:44:08ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-02-0111241910.3390/vaccines11020419Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in MammalsLeopold Eckhart0Wolfgang Sipos1Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, AustriaClinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, AustriaOne of the main mechanisms of inducing an antiviral response depends on 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), which sense double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm and activate RNase L. Mutations leading to the loss of functional <i>OAS1</i> and <i>OAS2</i> genes have been identified as important modifiers of the human immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we performed comparative genomics to search for inactivating mutations of <i>OAS</i> genes in other species of mammals and to establish a model for the diversifying evolution of the <i>OAS</i> gene family. We found that a recombination of the <i>OAS</i> and <i>OAS-like</i> (<i>OASL</i>) loci has led to the loss of <i>OAS2</i> in camelids, which also lack <i>OAS3</i>. Both paralogs of <i>OASL</i> and <i>OAS3</i> are absent in Asian pangolins. An evolutionarily ancient <i>OAS</i> paralog, which we tentatively name <i>OAS4</i>, has been lost in pangolins, bats and humans. A previously unknown <i>OAS</i> gene, tentatively named <i>OAS5</i>, is present in Yangochiroptera, a suborder of bats. These differences in the <i>OAS</i> gene repertoire may affect innate immune responses to coronaviruses and other RNA viruses.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/419oligoadenylate synthetaseinnate immunityevolutionzoonosesSARS-CoV-2camel |
| spellingShingle | Leopold Eckhart Wolfgang Sipos Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals Vaccines oligoadenylate synthetase innate immunity evolution zoonoses SARS-CoV-2 camel |
| title | Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals |
| title_full | Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals |
| title_fullStr | Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals |
| title_short | Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals |
| title_sort | differential loss of oas genes indicates diversification of antiviral immunity in mammals |
| topic | oligoadenylate synthetase innate immunity evolution zoonoses SARS-CoV-2 camel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/419 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leopoldeckhart differentiallossofoasgenesindicatesdiversificationofantiviralimmunityinmammals AT wolfgangsipos differentiallossofoasgenesindicatesdiversificationofantiviralimmunityinmammals |