Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band
In this paper, an indoor positioning system using Global Positioning System (GPS) signals in the 433 MHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band is proposed, and an experimental demonstration of how the proposed system operates under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions on a building...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4338 |
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| author | Abdulkadir Uzun Firas Abdul Ghani Amir Mohsen Ahmadi Najafabadi Hüsnü Yenigün İbrahim Tekin |
| author_facet | Abdulkadir Uzun Firas Abdul Ghani Amir Mohsen Ahmadi Najafabadi Hüsnü Yenigün İbrahim Tekin |
| author_sort | Abdulkadir Uzun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, an indoor positioning system using Global Positioning System (GPS) signals in the 433 MHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band is proposed, and an experimental demonstration of how the proposed system operates under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions on a building floor is presented. The proposed method is based on down-converting (DC) repeaters and an up-converting (UC) receiver. The down-conversion is deployed to avoid the restrictions on the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) repeaters, to achieve higher output power, and to expose the GPS signals to lower path loss. The repeaters receive outdoor GPS signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1 band), down-convert them to the 433 MHz ISM band, then amplify and retransmit them to the indoor environment. The front end up-converter is combined with an off-the-shelf GPS receiver. When GPS signals at 433 MHz are received by the up-converting receiver, it then amplifies and up-converts these signals back to the L1 frequency. Subsequently, the off-the-shelf GPS receiver calculates the pseudo-ranges. The raw data are then sent from the receiver over a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi link to a remote computer for data processing and indoor position estimation. Each repeater also has an attenuator to adjust its amplification level so that each repeater transmits almost equal signal levels in order to prevent jamming of the off-the-shelf GPS receiver. Experimental results demonstrate that the indoor position of a receiver can be found with sub-meter accuracy under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions. The estimated position was found to be 54 and 98 cm away from the real position, while the 50% circular error probable (CEP) of the collected samples showed a radius of 3.3 and 4 m, respectively, for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight cases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:05:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e408389cca6d47fcb1a0b2a0dc49b6f5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:05:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-e408389cca6d47fcb1a0b2a0dc49b6f52023-11-22T01:39:53ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-06-012113433810.3390/s21134338Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM BandAbdulkadir Uzun0Firas Abdul Ghani1Amir Mohsen Ahmadi Najafabadi2Hüsnü Yenigün3İbrahim Tekin4Electronics Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, TurkeyElectronics Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, TurkeyElectronics Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, TurkeyComputer Science and Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, TurkeyElectronics Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, TurkeyIn this paper, an indoor positioning system using Global Positioning System (GPS) signals in the 433 MHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band is proposed, and an experimental demonstration of how the proposed system operates under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions on a building floor is presented. The proposed method is based on down-converting (DC) repeaters and an up-converting (UC) receiver. The down-conversion is deployed to avoid the restrictions on the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) repeaters, to achieve higher output power, and to expose the GPS signals to lower path loss. The repeaters receive outdoor GPS signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1 band), down-convert them to the 433 MHz ISM band, then amplify and retransmit them to the indoor environment. The front end up-converter is combined with an off-the-shelf GPS receiver. When GPS signals at 433 MHz are received by the up-converting receiver, it then amplifies and up-converts these signals back to the L1 frequency. Subsequently, the off-the-shelf GPS receiver calculates the pseudo-ranges. The raw data are then sent from the receiver over a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi link to a remote computer for data processing and indoor position estimation. Each repeater also has an attenuator to adjust its amplification level so that each repeater transmits almost equal signal levels in order to prevent jamming of the off-the-shelf GPS receiver. Experimental results demonstrate that the indoor position of a receiver can be found with sub-meter accuracy under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions. The estimated position was found to be 54 and 98 cm away from the real position, while the 50% circular error probable (CEP) of the collected samples showed a radius of 3.3 and 4 m, respectively, for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight cases.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4338down-conversionGPSindoor positioningnavigationRF repeatersup-conversion |
| spellingShingle | Abdulkadir Uzun Firas Abdul Ghani Amir Mohsen Ahmadi Najafabadi Hüsnü Yenigün İbrahim Tekin Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band Sensors down-conversion GPS indoor positioning navigation RF repeaters up-conversion |
| title | Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band |
| title_full | Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band |
| title_fullStr | Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band |
| title_short | Indoor Positioning System Based on Global Positioning System Signals with Down- and Up-Converters in 433 MHz ISM Band |
| title_sort | indoor positioning system based on global positioning system signals with down and up converters in 433 mhz ism band |
| topic | down-conversion GPS indoor positioning navigation RF repeaters up-conversion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4338 |
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