Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate
Produced water is a by-product of industrial operations, such as hydraulic fracturing for increased oil recovery, that causes environmental issues since it includes different metal ions (e.g., Li<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/6/1387 |
| _version_ | 1797609384545615872 |
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| author | Yi-hung Lin Jung Min Kim Bryan S. Beckingham |
| author_facet | Yi-hung Lin Jung Min Kim Bryan S. Beckingham |
| author_sort | Yi-hung Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Produced water is a by-product of industrial operations, such as hydraulic fracturing for increased oil recovery, that causes environmental issues since it includes different metal ions (e.g., Li<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, etc.) that need to be extracted or collected before disposal. To remove these substances using either selective transport behavior or absorption-swing processes employing membrane-bound ligands, membrane separation procedures are promising unit operations. This study investigates the transport of a series of salts in crosslinked polymer membranes synthesized using a hydrophobic monomer (phenyl acrylate, PA), a zwitterionic hydrophilic monomer (sulfobetaine methacrylate, SBMA), and a crosslinker (methylenebisacrylamide, MBAA). Membranes are characterized according to their thermomechanical properties, where an increased SBMA content leads to decreased water uptake due to structural differences within the films and to more ionic interactions between the ammonium and sulfonate moieties, resulting in a decreased water volume fraction, and Young’s modulus increases with increasing MBAA or PA content. Permeabilities, solubilities, and diffusivities of membranes to LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, and NiCl<sub>2</sub> are determined by diffusion cell experiments, sorption-desorption experiments, and the solution-diffusion relationship, respectively. Permeability to these metal ions generally decreases with an increasing SBMA content or MBAA content due to the corresponding decreasing water volume fraction, and the permeabilities are in the order of K<sup>+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > Li<sup>+</sup> > Ni<sup>2+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> presumably due to the differences in the hydration diameter. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:00:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e411ae1299fc451d81be94d850f52566 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:00:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-e411ae1299fc451d81be94d850f525662023-11-17T13:24:49ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-03-01156138710.3390/polym15061387Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl AcrylateYi-hung Lin0Jung Min Kim1Bryan S. Beckingham2Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USADepartment of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USADepartment of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USAProduced water is a by-product of industrial operations, such as hydraulic fracturing for increased oil recovery, that causes environmental issues since it includes different metal ions (e.g., Li<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, etc.) that need to be extracted or collected before disposal. To remove these substances using either selective transport behavior or absorption-swing processes employing membrane-bound ligands, membrane separation procedures are promising unit operations. This study investigates the transport of a series of salts in crosslinked polymer membranes synthesized using a hydrophobic monomer (phenyl acrylate, PA), a zwitterionic hydrophilic monomer (sulfobetaine methacrylate, SBMA), and a crosslinker (methylenebisacrylamide, MBAA). Membranes are characterized according to their thermomechanical properties, where an increased SBMA content leads to decreased water uptake due to structural differences within the films and to more ionic interactions between the ammonium and sulfonate moieties, resulting in a decreased water volume fraction, and Young’s modulus increases with increasing MBAA or PA content. Permeabilities, solubilities, and diffusivities of membranes to LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, and NiCl<sub>2</sub> are determined by diffusion cell experiments, sorption-desorption experiments, and the solution-diffusion relationship, respectively. Permeability to these metal ions generally decreases with an increasing SBMA content or MBAA content due to the corresponding decreasing water volume fraction, and the permeabilities are in the order of K<sup>+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > Li<sup>+</sup> > Ni<sup>2+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> presumably due to the differences in the hydration diameter.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/6/1387zwitterionic membranessalt transportphenyl acrylatecrosslinked |
| spellingShingle | Yi-hung Lin Jung Min Kim Bryan S. Beckingham Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate Polymers zwitterionic membranes salt transport phenyl acrylate crosslinked |
| title | Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate |
| title_full | Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate |
| title_fullStr | Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate |
| title_short | Salt Transport in Crosslinked Hydrogel Membranes Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Methacrylate and Hydrophobic Phenyl Acrylate |
| title_sort | salt transport in crosslinked hydrogel membranes containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate and hydrophobic phenyl acrylate |
| topic | zwitterionic membranes salt transport phenyl acrylate crosslinked |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/6/1387 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yihunglin salttransportincrosslinkedhydrogelmembranescontainingzwitterionicsulfobetainemethacrylateandhydrophobicphenylacrylate AT jungminkim salttransportincrosslinkedhydrogelmembranescontainingzwitterionicsulfobetainemethacrylateandhydrophobicphenylacrylate AT bryansbeckingham salttransportincrosslinkedhydrogelmembranescontainingzwitterionicsulfobetainemethacrylateandhydrophobicphenylacrylate |