Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Foodborne enteritis is a major disease burden globally. Two of the most common causative bacterial enteropathogens in humans are <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> species which are strongly associated with the consumption of raw or contaminated chicken. The poultry i...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/11/1936 |
| _version_ | 1797463853895778304 |
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| author | Adriana C. Castelo Taboada Anthony Pavic |
| author_facet | Adriana C. Castelo Taboada Anthony Pavic |
| author_sort | Adriana C. Castelo Taboada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Foodborne enteritis is a major disease burden globally. Two of the most common causative bacterial enteropathogens in humans are <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> species which are strongly associated with the consumption of raw or contaminated chicken. The poultry industry has approached this issue by use of a multi-hurdle method across the production chain to reduce or eliminate this risk. The use of poultry vaccines is one of these control methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis of vaccination effects against caecal <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> were performed on primary research published between 2009 and 2022. Screening was conducted by three reviewers with one reviewer performing subsequent data extraction and one reviewer performing the risk of bias assessment. The confidence in cumulative evidence was evaluated based on the GRADE method. Meta-analyses were performed using standardised mean differences (SMDs) with additional analyses and random effects regression models on intervention effects grouped by the vaccine type. A total of 13 <i>Campylobacter</i> and 19 <i>Salmonella</i> studies satisfied the eligibility criteria for this review. Many studies included multi-arm interventions, resulting in a total of 25 <i>Campylobacter</i> and 34 <i>Salmonella</i> comparators which were synthesised. The analyses revealed a large reduction in pathogen levels; however, many effects required statistical adjustment due to unit of analysis errors. There was a moderate level of confidence in the reduction of <i>Campylobacter</i> by 0.93 SMD units (95% CI: −1.275 to −0.585; <i>p</i> value < 0.001) and a very low level of confidence in the reduction of <i>Salmonella</i> by 1.10 SMD units (95% CI: −1.419 to −0.776; <i>p</i> value < 0.001). The Chi<sup>2</sup> test for heterogeneity (<i>p</i> value 0.001 and <0.001 for <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella,</i> respectively) and the I<sup>2</sup> statistic (52.4% and 77.5% for <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i>, respectively) indicated high levels of heterogeneity in the SMDs across the comparators. The certainty of gathered evidence was also affected by a high risk of study bias mostly due to a lack of detailed reporting and, additionally for <i>Salmonella</i>, the presence of publication bias. Further research is recommended to source areas of heterogeneity, and a conscious effort to follow reporting guidelines and consider units of analysis can improve the strength of evidence gathered to provide recommendations to the industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:56:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e4194e9c847140d3a73b0fde56562b27 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:56:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-e4194e9c847140d3a73b0fde56562b272023-11-24T10:16:54ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-11-011011193610.3390/vaccines10111936Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisAdriana C. Castelo Taboada0Anthony Pavic1Birling Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 975 The Northern Road, Bringelly, NSW 2556, AustraliaBirling Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 975 The Northern Road, Bringelly, NSW 2556, AustraliaFoodborne enteritis is a major disease burden globally. Two of the most common causative bacterial enteropathogens in humans are <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> species which are strongly associated with the consumption of raw or contaminated chicken. The poultry industry has approached this issue by use of a multi-hurdle method across the production chain to reduce or eliminate this risk. The use of poultry vaccines is one of these control methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis of vaccination effects against caecal <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> were performed on primary research published between 2009 and 2022. Screening was conducted by three reviewers with one reviewer performing subsequent data extraction and one reviewer performing the risk of bias assessment. The confidence in cumulative evidence was evaluated based on the GRADE method. Meta-analyses were performed using standardised mean differences (SMDs) with additional analyses and random effects regression models on intervention effects grouped by the vaccine type. A total of 13 <i>Campylobacter</i> and 19 <i>Salmonella</i> studies satisfied the eligibility criteria for this review. Many studies included multi-arm interventions, resulting in a total of 25 <i>Campylobacter</i> and 34 <i>Salmonella</i> comparators which were synthesised. The analyses revealed a large reduction in pathogen levels; however, many effects required statistical adjustment due to unit of analysis errors. There was a moderate level of confidence in the reduction of <i>Campylobacter</i> by 0.93 SMD units (95% CI: −1.275 to −0.585; <i>p</i> value < 0.001) and a very low level of confidence in the reduction of <i>Salmonella</i> by 1.10 SMD units (95% CI: −1.419 to −0.776; <i>p</i> value < 0.001). The Chi<sup>2</sup> test for heterogeneity (<i>p</i> value 0.001 and <0.001 for <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella,</i> respectively) and the I<sup>2</sup> statistic (52.4% and 77.5% for <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i>, respectively) indicated high levels of heterogeneity in the SMDs across the comparators. The certainty of gathered evidence was also affected by a high risk of study bias mostly due to a lack of detailed reporting and, additionally for <i>Salmonella</i>, the presence of publication bias. Further research is recommended to source areas of heterogeneity, and a conscious effort to follow reporting guidelines and consider units of analysis can improve the strength of evidence gathered to provide recommendations to the industry.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/11/1936bacteriacaecaimmunisationpoultrybroilerenteropathogen |
| spellingShingle | Adriana C. Castelo Taboada Anthony Pavic Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Vaccines bacteria caeca immunisation poultry broiler enteropathogen |
| title | Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | Vaccinating Meat Chickens against <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella:</i> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | vaccinating meat chickens against i campylobacter i and i salmonella i a systematic review and meta analysis |
| topic | bacteria caeca immunisation poultry broiler enteropathogen |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/11/1936 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT adrianaccastelotaboada vaccinatingmeatchickensagainsticampylobacteriandisalmonellaiasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT anthonypavic vaccinatingmeatchickensagainsticampylobacteriandisalmonellaiasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis |