RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China
Abstract Background Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria in China. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel, encoded by the RDL (Resistant to dieldrin) gene, is the important target for insecticides of widely varied structures. The use of various insecticides in agricultu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2017-11-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-2133-0 |
| _version_ | 1819139157374533632 |
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| author | Chan Yang Zushi Huang Mei Li Xiangyang Feng Xinghui Qiu |
| author_facet | Chan Yang Zushi Huang Mei Li Xiangyang Feng Xinghui Qiu |
| author_sort | Chan Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria in China. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel, encoded by the RDL (Resistant to dieldrin) gene, is the important target for insecticides of widely varied structures. The use of various insecticides in agriculture and vector control has inevitably led to the development of insecticide resistance, which may reduce the control effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to investigate the presence and distribution frequency of the resistance related mutation(s) in An. sinensis RDL to predict resistance to both the withdrawn cyclodienes (e.g. dieldrin) and currently used insecticides, such as fipronil. Methods Two hundred and forty adults of An. sinensis collected from nine locations across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were used. Two fragments of An. sinensis RDL (AsRDL) gene, covering the putative insecticide resistance related sites, were sequenced respectively. The haplotypes of each individual were reconstructed by the PHASE2.1 software, and confirmed by clone sequencing. The phylogenetic tree was built using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Genealogical relations among different haplotypes were also analysed using Network 5.0. Results The coding region of AsRDL gene was 1674 bp long, encoding a protein of 557 amino acids. AsRDL had 98.0% amino acid identity to that from Anopheles funestus, and shared common structural features of Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels. Three resistance-related amino acid substitutions (A296S, V327I and T345S) were detected in all the nine populations of An. sinensis in Guangxi, with the 296S mutation being the most abundant (77–100%), followed by 345S (22–47%) and 327I (8–60%). 38 AsRDL haplotypes were identified from 240 individuals at frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 34.8%. Genealogical analysis suggested multiple origins of the 345S mutation in AsRDL. Conclusions The near fixation of the 296S mutation and the occurrence of the 327I and 345S mutations in addition to 296S, in all the nine tested An. sinensis populations in Guangxi, strongly indicate a risk of multiple insecticide resistance. The haplotype diversity plus genetic heterogeneities in the geographical distribution, and multiple origins of AsRDL alleles call for a location-customized strategy for monitoring and management of insecticide resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T11:18:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e42bbce1e63d4251b3ba0ad6beb25f03 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T11:18:12Z |
| publishDate | 2017-11-01 |
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| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-e42bbce1e63d4251b3ba0ad6beb25f032022-12-21T18:27:57ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752017-11-0116111310.1186/s12936-017-2133-0RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, ChinaChan Yang0Zushi Huang1Mei Li2Xiangyang Feng3Xinghui Qiu4State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and PreventionState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesAbstract Background Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria in China. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel, encoded by the RDL (Resistant to dieldrin) gene, is the important target for insecticides of widely varied structures. The use of various insecticides in agriculture and vector control has inevitably led to the development of insecticide resistance, which may reduce the control effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to investigate the presence and distribution frequency of the resistance related mutation(s) in An. sinensis RDL to predict resistance to both the withdrawn cyclodienes (e.g. dieldrin) and currently used insecticides, such as fipronil. Methods Two hundred and forty adults of An. sinensis collected from nine locations across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were used. Two fragments of An. sinensis RDL (AsRDL) gene, covering the putative insecticide resistance related sites, were sequenced respectively. The haplotypes of each individual were reconstructed by the PHASE2.1 software, and confirmed by clone sequencing. The phylogenetic tree was built using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Genealogical relations among different haplotypes were also analysed using Network 5.0. Results The coding region of AsRDL gene was 1674 bp long, encoding a protein of 557 amino acids. AsRDL had 98.0% amino acid identity to that from Anopheles funestus, and shared common structural features of Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels. Three resistance-related amino acid substitutions (A296S, V327I and T345S) were detected in all the nine populations of An. sinensis in Guangxi, with the 296S mutation being the most abundant (77–100%), followed by 345S (22–47%) and 327I (8–60%). 38 AsRDL haplotypes were identified from 240 individuals at frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 34.8%. Genealogical analysis suggested multiple origins of the 345S mutation in AsRDL. Conclusions The near fixation of the 296S mutation and the occurrence of the 327I and 345S mutations in addition to 296S, in all the nine tested An. sinensis populations in Guangxi, strongly indicate a risk of multiple insecticide resistance. The haplotype diversity plus genetic heterogeneities in the geographical distribution, and multiple origins of AsRDL alleles call for a location-customized strategy for monitoring and management of insecticide resistance.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-2133-0Anopheles sinensisHaplotypeGenealogical analysisGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionGamma-aminobutyric acid gated chloride channel |
| spellingShingle | Chan Yang Zushi Huang Mei Li Xiangyang Feng Xinghui Qiu RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China Malaria Journal Anopheles sinensis Haplotype Genealogical analysis Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Gamma-aminobutyric acid gated chloride channel |
| title | RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China |
| title_full | RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China |
| title_fullStr | RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China |
| title_short | RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China |
| title_sort | rdl mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in anopheles sinensis in guangxi china |
| topic | Anopheles sinensis Haplotype Genealogical analysis Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Gamma-aminobutyric acid gated chloride channel |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-2133-0 |
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