| Summary: | Introduction: Evidence of programmed death-1 inhibitors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been accumulated. However, previous clinical studies were basically small sample size. Objective: This study aimed to summarize existing studies to comprehensively compare programmed death-1 inhibitors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma with or without chemotherapy. Methods: Different databases were searched for full-text publications with a programmed death-1 inhibitor with or without chemotherapy. No study-to-study heterogeneity was detected, and fixed-effect models were applied to synthesize data. Results: Seven studies were included. The mean progression-free survival duration of programmed death-1 inhibitors treatment was 4.66 months. The 6 month progression-free survival rate was 50%, however, the12 month progression-free survival rate fell to 27%. Comparing with programmed death-1 inhibitor monotherapy, the objective response rate was higher in combination therapy (pooled RR = 2.90, 95% CI: 2.07–4.08). The partial response rate was higher in patients receiving programmed death-1 in association with chemotherapy (pooled RR = 3.09, 95% CI: 2.15–4.46), In contrast, the progressive disease rate was lower in combination therapy group (pooled RR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.31). Stable disease condition was comparable (pooled RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.50–1.64) with or without chemotherapy. Programmed death-1 single use or combined with chemotherapy did not influence the total adverse events occurrence (pooled RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.93–1.05). However, combination therapy could increase the risk of serious adverse events such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Conclusion: The present study summarized the efficacy and safety of programmed death-1 inhibitors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Combination therapy showed higher anti-tumor activity except for higher risk of myelosuppression.
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