The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites
The goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/14/7968 |
| _version_ | 1797446460447391744 |
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| author | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska Magdalena Maciejewska Paulina Duda |
| author_facet | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska Magdalena Maciejewska Paulina Duda |
| author_sort | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase the activity of biofillers and to improve the curing characteristics of NR composites. The effect of biofillers used and their modification with aminosilane or ionic liquid on the curing characteristics of NR composites and their functional properties, including crosslink density, mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging were investigated. Starch and ground walnut shells were classified as inactive fillers, which can be used alternatively to commercial inactive fillers, e.g., chalk. BmiCl and APTES were successfully used to support the vulcanization and to improve the dispersion of biofillers in NR elastomer matrix. Vulcanizates with starch, especially those containing APTES and BmiCl, exhibited improved tensile properties due to the higher crosslink density and homogenous dispersion of starch, which resulted from BmiCl addition. NR filled with ground walnut shells demonstrated improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging. It resulted from lignin present in walnut shells, the components of which belong to polyphenols, that have an antioxidant activity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:40:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e4776743687a4ce6beff3f7ce6a52c1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:40:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e4776743687a4ce6beff3f7ce6a52c1d2023-11-30T21:07:11ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-07-012314796810.3390/ijms23147968The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) CompositesAnna Sowińska-Baranowska0Magdalena Maciejewska1Paulina Duda2Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandThe goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase the activity of biofillers and to improve the curing characteristics of NR composites. The effect of biofillers used and their modification with aminosilane or ionic liquid on the curing characteristics of NR composites and their functional properties, including crosslink density, mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging were investigated. Starch and ground walnut shells were classified as inactive fillers, which can be used alternatively to commercial inactive fillers, e.g., chalk. BmiCl and APTES were successfully used to support the vulcanization and to improve the dispersion of biofillers in NR elastomer matrix. Vulcanizates with starch, especially those containing APTES and BmiCl, exhibited improved tensile properties due to the higher crosslink density and homogenous dispersion of starch, which resulted from BmiCl addition. NR filled with ground walnut shells demonstrated improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging. It resulted from lignin present in walnut shells, the components of which belong to polyphenols, that have an antioxidant activity.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/14/7968biocompositesbiofillersnatural rubberstarchwalnut shellsionic liquid |
| spellingShingle | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska Magdalena Maciejewska Paulina Duda The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites International Journal of Molecular Sciences biocomposites biofillers natural rubber starch walnut shells ionic liquid |
| title | The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites |
| title_full | The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites |
| title_fullStr | The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites |
| title_short | The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites |
| title_sort | potential application of starch and walnut shells as biofillers for natural rubber nr composites |
| topic | biocomposites biofillers natural rubber starch walnut shells ionic liquid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/14/7968 |
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