Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data
The optical characteristics of vertically distributed aerosols over Saudi Arabia were investigated using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data from 2007 to 2019. The study region was divided into three parts (Region I: Tabuk, Makkah, Al Madinah, Asir, A...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/2/603 |
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| author | Ziyue Zhang Bo Su Yuanyuan Chen Jinjing Lan Muhammad Bilal Miaomiao Pan Sana Ilyas Khaled Mohamed Khedher |
| author_facet | Ziyue Zhang Bo Su Yuanyuan Chen Jinjing Lan Muhammad Bilal Miaomiao Pan Sana Ilyas Khaled Mohamed Khedher |
| author_sort | Ziyue Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The optical characteristics of vertically distributed aerosols over Saudi Arabia were investigated using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data from 2007 to 2019. The study region was divided into three parts (Region I: Tabuk, Makkah, Al Madinah, Asir, Al Bahah, Jizan, Riyadh, Mecca, Medina, the eastern region, Kassim, Hale, Asir, Baha, Tabuk, the northern border region, Jizan, Najilan, and Jufu. Region II: Ar, Al, Ha, Al, and Najran. Region III Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah and Ash Sharqiyah) to understand regional aerosol characteristics by performing interannual and seasonal analysis for nine aerosol types during the day and nighttime. We found that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) estimates were the highest over eastern Saudi Arabia (region III) and were seemingly driven by the presence of an expansive desert in the region. As anticipated, the AOD observations were substantially higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter owing to the frequent occurrence of dust events during the former. Daytime observations exhibited higher AOD values than those at nighttime, which might be related to higher daytime anthropogenic activities. The estimates of the base height of the lowest aerosol layer (HB<sub>1</sub>) and the top altitude of the highest aerosol layer (TAH) were altered depending on the topography (the higher the altitude, the higher the annual mean value of HB<sub>1</sub> and TAH). The aerosol layers (N) were relatively abundant over region III, seemingly due to the relatively stronger atmospheric convection over this region. The volume depolarization ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (VDR<sub>1</sub>) was considerable during the night due to deposition at nighttime, and VDR<sub>1</sub> was relatively substantial in spring and summer. The color ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (CR<sub>1</sub>) estimates over regions II and III was higher at night. We report a weak positive correlation between the thickness of the lowest aerosol layer (HTH<sub>1</sub>) and the AOD of the lowest aerosol layer (AOD<sub>1</sub>) in the three regions, a strong positive correlation between TAH and N, and a negative correlation between the AOD proportion of the lowest aerosol layer (PAOD<sub>1</sub>) and N in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, the optical and physical properties of aerosols in Saudi Arabia have been studied for 13 years. Our results could provide references for researchers and the government, and relevant departments with data support on the aerosol layer to help control air pollution in Saudi Arabia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:00:17Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:00:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e481bcb62adc4133a4f8ce8af770f05a2023-11-23T12:49:46ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-01-0112260310.3390/app12020603Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite DataZiyue Zhang0Bo Su1Yuanyuan Chen2Jinjing Lan3Muhammad Bilal4Miaomiao Pan5Sana Ilyas6Khaled Mohamed Khedher7Engineering Research Center of Environmental Laser Remote Sensing Technology and Application of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Wolong Road No. 1638, Nanyang 473061, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Environmental Laser Remote Sensing Technology and Application of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Wolong Road No. 1638, Nanyang 473061, ChinaCollege of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaHenan School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, ChinaSchool of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Environmental Laser Remote Sensing Technology and Application of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Wolong Road No. 1638, Nanyang 473061, ChinaDepartment of Ecology and Water Resources Management, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent 100000, UzbekistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaThe optical characteristics of vertically distributed aerosols over Saudi Arabia were investigated using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data from 2007 to 2019. The study region was divided into three parts (Region I: Tabuk, Makkah, Al Madinah, Asir, Al Bahah, Jizan, Riyadh, Mecca, Medina, the eastern region, Kassim, Hale, Asir, Baha, Tabuk, the northern border region, Jizan, Najilan, and Jufu. Region II: Ar, Al, Ha, Al, and Najran. Region III Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah and Ash Sharqiyah) to understand regional aerosol characteristics by performing interannual and seasonal analysis for nine aerosol types during the day and nighttime. We found that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) estimates were the highest over eastern Saudi Arabia (region III) and were seemingly driven by the presence of an expansive desert in the region. As anticipated, the AOD observations were substantially higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter owing to the frequent occurrence of dust events during the former. Daytime observations exhibited higher AOD values than those at nighttime, which might be related to higher daytime anthropogenic activities. The estimates of the base height of the lowest aerosol layer (HB<sub>1</sub>) and the top altitude of the highest aerosol layer (TAH) were altered depending on the topography (the higher the altitude, the higher the annual mean value of HB<sub>1</sub> and TAH). The aerosol layers (N) were relatively abundant over region III, seemingly due to the relatively stronger atmospheric convection over this region. The volume depolarization ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (VDR<sub>1</sub>) was considerable during the night due to deposition at nighttime, and VDR<sub>1</sub> was relatively substantial in spring and summer. The color ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (CR<sub>1</sub>) estimates over regions II and III was higher at night. We report a weak positive correlation between the thickness of the lowest aerosol layer (HTH<sub>1</sub>) and the AOD of the lowest aerosol layer (AOD<sub>1</sub>) in the three regions, a strong positive correlation between TAH and N, and a negative correlation between the AOD proportion of the lowest aerosol layer (PAOD<sub>1</sub>) and N in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, the optical and physical properties of aerosols in Saudi Arabia have been studied for 13 years. Our results could provide references for researchers and the government, and relevant departments with data support on the aerosol layer to help control air pollution in Saudi Arabia.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/2/603aerosolsCALIPSOSaudi Arabiaaerosol layersAOD |
| spellingShingle | Ziyue Zhang Bo Su Yuanyuan Chen Jinjing Lan Muhammad Bilal Miaomiao Pan Sana Ilyas Khaled Mohamed Khedher Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data Applied Sciences aerosols CALIPSO Saudi Arabia aerosol layers AOD |
| title | Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data |
| title_full | Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data |
| title_fullStr | Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data |
| title_short | Study on Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Characteristics over Saudi Arabia Using CALIPSO Satellite Data |
| title_sort | study on vertically distributed aerosol optical characteristics over saudi arabia using calipso satellite data |
| topic | aerosols CALIPSO Saudi Arabia aerosol layers AOD |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/2/603 |
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