Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
Biosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Life |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/3/209 |
| _version_ | 1797412669679992832 |
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| author | Valentina Levak Tjaša Lukan Kristina Gruden Anna Coll |
| author_facet | Valentina Levak Tjaša Lukan Kristina Gruden Anna Coll |
| author_sort | Valentina Levak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but their assortment is limited in some respects, such as their use in following biotic stress response, employing more than one biosensor in the same chassis, and their implementation into crops. In this review, we focused on the available biosensors that encompass these aspects. We show that in vivo imaging of calcium and reactive oxygen species is satisfactorily covered with the available genetically encoded biosensors, while on the other hand they are still underrepresented when it comes to imaging of the main three hormonal players in the immune response: salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid. Following more than one analyte in the same chassis, upon one or more conditions, has so far been possible by using the most advanced genetically encoded biosensors in plants which allow the monitoring of calcium and the two main hormonal pathways involved in plant development, auxin and cytokinin. These kinds of biosensor are also the most evolved in crops. In the last section, we examine the challenges in the use of biosensors and demonstrate some strategies to overcome them. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:06:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e487dfd75c374677a1ede362ae0678d7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:06:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-e487dfd75c374677a1ede362ae0678d72023-12-03T12:54:37ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292021-03-0111320910.3390/life11030209Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s ImmunityValentina Levak0Tjaša Lukan1Kristina Gruden2Anna Coll3National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaNational Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaNational Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaNational Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but their assortment is limited in some respects, such as their use in following biotic stress response, employing more than one biosensor in the same chassis, and their implementation into crops. In this review, we focused on the available biosensors that encompass these aspects. We show that in vivo imaging of calcium and reactive oxygen species is satisfactorily covered with the available genetically encoded biosensors, while on the other hand they are still underrepresented when it comes to imaging of the main three hormonal players in the immune response: salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid. Following more than one analyte in the same chassis, upon one or more conditions, has so far been possible by using the most advanced genetically encoded biosensors in plants which allow the monitoring of calcium and the two main hormonal pathways involved in plant development, auxin and cytokinin. These kinds of biosensor are also the most evolved in crops. In the last section, we examine the challenges in the use of biosensors and demonstrate some strategies to overcome them.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/3/209genetically encoded biosensorslive spatiotemporal imagingcropsplant immune responsemultiparameter imagingbiotic stress |
| spellingShingle | Valentina Levak Tjaša Lukan Kristina Gruden Anna Coll Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity Life genetically encoded biosensors live spatiotemporal imaging crops plant immune response multiparameter imaging biotic stress |
| title | Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity |
| title_full | Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity |
| title_fullStr | Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity |
| title_short | Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity |
| title_sort | biosensors a sneak peek into plant cell s immunity |
| topic | genetically encoded biosensors live spatiotemporal imaging crops plant immune response multiparameter imaging biotic stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/3/209 |
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