Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches
Lanna painting is a unique type of painting in many temples in the Northern Thai region. Similar to most mural paintings, they usually decay over time partly due to the activity of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the microorganisms from two Lanna masterpiece paintings in two temples that d...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/228 |
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| author | Nattaphon Suphaphimol Nakarin Suwannarach Witoon Purahong Churdsak Jaikang Kamonpan Pengpat Natthawat Semakul Saranphong Yimklan Surachai Jongjitngam Saiklang Jindasu Sathaporn Thiangtham Panuwan Chantawannakul Terd Disayathanoowat |
| author_facet | Nattaphon Suphaphimol Nakarin Suwannarach Witoon Purahong Churdsak Jaikang Kamonpan Pengpat Natthawat Semakul Saranphong Yimklan Surachai Jongjitngam Saiklang Jindasu Sathaporn Thiangtham Panuwan Chantawannakul Terd Disayathanoowat |
| author_sort | Nattaphon Suphaphimol |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lanna painting is a unique type of painting in many temples in the Northern Thai region. Similar to most mural paintings, they usually decay over time partly due to the activity of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the microorganisms from two Lanna masterpiece paintings in two temples that differ in the numbers of visitors using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. The microorganisms isolated from the murals were also tested for the biodeterioration activities including discoloration, acid production and calcium precipitation. Most microorganisms extracted from the paintings were able to discolor the paints, but only fungi were able to discolor, produce acids and precipitate calcium. The microorganism communities, diversity and functional prediction were also investigated using the culture-independent method. The diversity of microorganisms and functional prediction were different between the two temples. <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i> was the predominant group of bacteria in both temples. However, the fungal communities were different between the two temples as <i>Aspergillus</i> was the most abundant genus in the site with higher number of visitors [Buak Krok Luang temple (BK)]. Conversely, mural paintings at Tha Kham temple (TK) were dominated by the <i>Neodevriesia</i> genera. We noticed that a high number of visitors (Buak Krok Luang) was correlated with microbial contamination from humans while the microbial community at Tha Kham temple had a higher proportion of saprotrophs. These results could be applied to formulate a strategy to mitigate the amount of tourists as well as manage microorganism to slow down the biodeterioration process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e49fc0dc2a23470e83bc1ce366c33f51 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e49fc0dc2a23470e83bc1ce366c33f512023-11-23T18:50:01ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-01-0111222810.3390/biology11020228Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent ApproachesNattaphon Suphaphimol0Nakarin Suwannarach1Witoon Purahong2Churdsak Jaikang3Kamonpan Pengpat4Natthawat Semakul5Saranphong Yimklan6Surachai Jongjitngam7Saiklang Jindasu8Sathaporn Thiangtham9Panuwan Chantawannakul10Terd Disayathanoowat11Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandResearch Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120 Halle (Saale), GermanyToxicology Section, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Thai art, Faculty of Fine arts, Chiang Mai university, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandThe 7th Regional Office of Fine arts, Department of Fine Art, Ministry of Culture, Chiang Mai 50300, ThailandThe 7th Regional Office of Fine arts, Department of Fine Art, Ministry of Culture, Chiang Mai 50300, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandLanna painting is a unique type of painting in many temples in the Northern Thai region. Similar to most mural paintings, they usually decay over time partly due to the activity of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the microorganisms from two Lanna masterpiece paintings in two temples that differ in the numbers of visitors using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. The microorganisms isolated from the murals were also tested for the biodeterioration activities including discoloration, acid production and calcium precipitation. Most microorganisms extracted from the paintings were able to discolor the paints, but only fungi were able to discolor, produce acids and precipitate calcium. The microorganism communities, diversity and functional prediction were also investigated using the culture-independent method. The diversity of microorganisms and functional prediction were different between the two temples. <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i> was the predominant group of bacteria in both temples. However, the fungal communities were different between the two temples as <i>Aspergillus</i> was the most abundant genus in the site with higher number of visitors [Buak Krok Luang temple (BK)]. Conversely, mural paintings at Tha Kham temple (TK) were dominated by the <i>Neodevriesia</i> genera. We noticed that a high number of visitors (Buak Krok Luang) was correlated with microbial contamination from humans while the microbial community at Tha Kham temple had a higher proportion of saprotrophs. These results could be applied to formulate a strategy to mitigate the amount of tourists as well as manage microorganism to slow down the biodeterioration process.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/228Lanna mural paintingmicrobial communitybiodeteriorationnext generation sequencing |
| spellingShingle | Nattaphon Suphaphimol Nakarin Suwannarach Witoon Purahong Churdsak Jaikang Kamonpan Pengpat Natthawat Semakul Saranphong Yimklan Surachai Jongjitngam Saiklang Jindasu Sathaporn Thiangtham Panuwan Chantawannakul Terd Disayathanoowat Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches Biology Lanna mural painting microbial community biodeterioration next generation sequencing |
| title | Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches |
| title_full | Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches |
| title_short | Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches |
| title_sort | identification of microorganisms dwelling on the 19th century lanna mural paintings from northern thailand using culture dependent and independent approaches |
| topic | Lanna mural painting microbial community biodeterioration next generation sequencing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/228 |
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