Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Underwater deployed sensors nodes are energy-constrained. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes crucial in underwater wireless sensor networks (U-WSNs). The adverse channel corrupts the packets and challenges their reliability. To handle these challenges, two routing schemes are introduced in this pa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/13/2630 |
| _version_ | 1798002459265728512 |
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| author | Ubaid Ullah Anwar Khan Mahdi Zareei Ihsan Ali Hasan Ali Khattak Ikram Ud Din |
| author_facet | Ubaid Ullah Anwar Khan Mahdi Zareei Ihsan Ali Hasan Ali Khattak Ikram Ud Din |
| author_sort | Ubaid Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Underwater deployed sensors nodes are energy-constrained. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes crucial in underwater wireless sensor networks (U-WSNs). The adverse channel corrupts the packets and challenges their reliability. To handle these challenges, two routing schemes are introduced in this paper. They are effective energy and reliable delivery (EERD) and cooperative effective energy and reliable delivery (CoEERD). In EERD, the packets follow single-path routing and the best forwarder node is selected using a weight function such that packets are transferred via the reliable paths with low energy usage. Packet transfer via a single route in EERD has, however, compromised reliability as the undersea links bear harshness and unpredictability. Therefore, the CoEERD scheme adds cooperative routing to EERD, in which a relay node is introduced between a source–destination pair. The destination requests the relay when the packets it gets from the source are corrupted beyond a threshold value. Selection of weight function is unique and considers many factors to ensure low energy usage with reliability while considering nodes for data transfer. This also helps in selecting a single relay node rather than many relays in the conventional cooperative routing model. Based on simulation results, the EERD and CoEERD protocols have improved performance in energy usage, reliable packet transfer and delay. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:52:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e4bf8821b1914a668eff72cb38d7c6dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:52:33Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-e4bf8821b1914a668eff72cb38d7c6dc2022-12-22T04:25:18ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732019-07-011213263010.3390/en12132630en12132630Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor NetworksUbaid Ullah0Anwar Khan1Mahdi Zareei2Ihsan Ali3Hasan Ali Khattak4Ikram Ud Din5Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar KPK 25120, PakistanTecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, MexicoDepartment of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44500, PakistanDepartment of Information Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, PakistanUnderwater deployed sensors nodes are energy-constrained. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes crucial in underwater wireless sensor networks (U-WSNs). The adverse channel corrupts the packets and challenges their reliability. To handle these challenges, two routing schemes are introduced in this paper. They are effective energy and reliable delivery (EERD) and cooperative effective energy and reliable delivery (CoEERD). In EERD, the packets follow single-path routing and the best forwarder node is selected using a weight function such that packets are transferred via the reliable paths with low energy usage. Packet transfer via a single route in EERD has, however, compromised reliability as the undersea links bear harshness and unpredictability. Therefore, the CoEERD scheme adds cooperative routing to EERD, in which a relay node is introduced between a source–destination pair. The destination requests the relay when the packets it gets from the source are corrupted beyond a threshold value. Selection of weight function is unique and considers many factors to ensure low energy usage with reliability while considering nodes for data transfer. This also helps in selecting a single relay node rather than many relays in the conventional cooperative routing model. Based on simulation results, the EERD and CoEERD protocols have improved performance in energy usage, reliable packet transfer and delay.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/13/2630energy efficiencynetwork reliabilityrouting protocolsU-WSNs |
| spellingShingle | Ubaid Ullah Anwar Khan Mahdi Zareei Ihsan Ali Hasan Ali Khattak Ikram Ud Din Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Energies energy efficiency network reliability routing protocols U-WSNs |
| title | Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full | Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_fullStr | Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_short | Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_sort | energy effective cooperative and reliable delivery routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| topic | energy efficiency network reliability routing protocols U-WSNs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/13/2630 |
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