Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity
Background: Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization. Methods: We investigated the...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/1/122 |
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| author | Marija Vukčević Katarina Šerović Mateja Despot Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić Aleksandra Vujović Milan Nikolić Duško Blagojević Tanja Jovanović Dragana Despot |
| author_facet | Marija Vukčević Katarina Šerović Mateja Despot Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić Aleksandra Vujović Milan Nikolić Duško Blagojević Tanja Jovanović Dragana Despot |
| author_sort | Marija Vukčević |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization. Methods: We investigated the effect of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the specific immune response in 103 volunteers, measuring neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-RBD IgM, anti-N IgM, anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ. Results: Our results showed that the presence of cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while endocrinological diseases decreased the level of neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies, suggesting that these diseases alter the effect of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels at 6 months and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection, while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels were constant at 3, 6, and 18 months post-infection. Conclusions: Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which is the strongest and most durable compared to natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity. Significant positive correlations were found between humoral and cellular immunity markers: neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ, indicating a unique coordinated response specific to COVID-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:38:54Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:38:54Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e50bda4c799449ab8963e5cb5f7fde3f2024-01-26T18:06:08ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472024-01-0117112210.3390/ph17010122Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid ImmunityMarija Vukčević0Katarina Šerović1Mateja Despot2Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić3Aleksandra Vujović4Milan Nikolić5Duško Blagojević6Tanja Jovanović7Dragana Despot8Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, SerbiaDr “Simo Milošević“ Health Center, Požeška 82, 11030 Belgrade, SerbiaUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, SerbiaBackground: Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization. Methods: We investigated the effect of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the specific immune response in 103 volunteers, measuring neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-RBD IgM, anti-N IgM, anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ. Results: Our results showed that the presence of cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while endocrinological diseases decreased the level of neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies, suggesting that these diseases alter the effect of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels at 6 months and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection, while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels were constant at 3, 6, and 18 months post-infection. Conclusions: Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which is the strongest and most durable compared to natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity. Significant positive correlations were found between humoral and cellular immunity markers: neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ, indicating a unique coordinated response specific to COVID-19.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/1/122COVID-19Sinopharm vaccineneutralizing antibodiesanti-S1 IgG antibodiesanti-RBD IgM antibodiesanti-N IgM antibodies |
| spellingShingle | Marija Vukčević Katarina Šerović Mateja Despot Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić Aleksandra Vujović Milan Nikolić Duško Blagojević Tanja Jovanović Dragana Despot Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity Pharmaceuticals COVID-19 Sinopharm vaccine neutralizing antibodies anti-S1 IgG antibodies anti-RBD IgM antibodies anti-N IgM antibodies |
| title | Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity |
| title_full | Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity |
| title_fullStr | Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity |
| title_short | Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity |
| title_sort | humoral and cellular immune response after three doses of sinopharm vero cell inactivated covid 19 vaccine in combination with sars cov 2 infection leads to hybrid immunity |
| topic | COVID-19 Sinopharm vaccine neutralizing antibodies anti-S1 IgG antibodies anti-RBD IgM antibodies anti-N IgM antibodies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/1/122 |
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