Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants
Melon fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) is the most common pest of cucurbits, and it directly causes damage to cucurbit fruits in the early developmental stage. The infection of fruit tissues induces oxidative damage through increased generation of cellular reactive oxygen species. The...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-10-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6345 |
| _version_ | 1797512112834084864 |
|---|---|
| author | Madhusudana Somegowda S. Raghavendra Shankarappa Sridhara Achur. N. Rajeshwara Siddanakoppalu. N. Pramod S. Shivashankar Feng Lin Tarek K Zin El-Abedin Shabir Hussain Wani Hosam O. Elansary |
| author_facet | Madhusudana Somegowda S. Raghavendra Shankarappa Sridhara Achur. N. Rajeshwara Siddanakoppalu. N. Pramod S. Shivashankar Feng Lin Tarek K Zin El-Abedin Shabir Hussain Wani Hosam O. Elansary |
| author_sort | Madhusudana Somegowda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Melon fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) is the most common pest of cucurbits, and it directly causes damage to cucurbit fruits in the early developmental stage. The infection of fruit tissues induces oxidative damage through increased generation of cellular reactive oxygen species. The effects of melon fly infestation on the production of defensive enzymes and antioxidant capabilities in five cucurbit species, namely, bottle gourd, chayote, cucumber, snake gourd, and bitter gourd, were investigated in this study. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was considerably higher in melon fly infestation tissues compared to healthy and apparently healthy tissues. The chayote and bottle gourd tissues expressed almost 1.5- to 2-fold higher phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the tissues of bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber upon infestation. Defensive enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT), were high in healthy and infected tissues of chayote and bottle gourd compared to bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber. The activity of POD (60–80%), SOD (30–35%), PPO (70–75%), and CAT (40–50%) were high in infected chayote and bottle gourd tissue, representing resistance against infestation, while bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber exhibited comparatively lower activity suggesting susceptibility to melon fly infection. The antioxidant properties were also high in the resistant cucurbits compared to the susceptible cucurbits. The current research has enlightened the importance of redox-regulatory pathways involving ROS neutralization through infection-induced antioxidative enzymes in host cucurbit resistance. The melon fly infestation depicts the possible induction of pathways that upregulate the production of defensive enzymes and antioxidants as a defensive strategy against melon fly infestation in resistant cucurbits. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:57:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e53adee615a74ee39f71cb58b19af56b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:57:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e53adee615a74ee39f71cb58b19af56b2023-11-22T21:19:54ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-10-012621634510.3390/molecules26216345Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and AntioxidantsMadhusudana Somegowda0S. Raghavendra1Shankarappa Sridhara2Achur. N. Rajeshwara3Siddanakoppalu. N. Pramod4S. Shivashankar5Feng Lin6Tarek K Zin El-Abedin7Shabir Hussain Wani8Hosam O. Elansary9Department of Biochemistry, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, IndiaCenter for Climate Resilient Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Shayadri, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577203, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Studies in Biochemistry and Food Technology, Davanagere University, Shivagangotri, Davanagere 577007, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, IIHR, Hesaraghatta, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Agriculture & Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, EgyptMountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar 181101, Srinagar, IndiaPlant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaMelon fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) is the most common pest of cucurbits, and it directly causes damage to cucurbit fruits in the early developmental stage. The infection of fruit tissues induces oxidative damage through increased generation of cellular reactive oxygen species. The effects of melon fly infestation on the production of defensive enzymes and antioxidant capabilities in five cucurbit species, namely, bottle gourd, chayote, cucumber, snake gourd, and bitter gourd, were investigated in this study. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was considerably higher in melon fly infestation tissues compared to healthy and apparently healthy tissues. The chayote and bottle gourd tissues expressed almost 1.5- to 2-fold higher phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the tissues of bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber upon infestation. Defensive enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT), were high in healthy and infected tissues of chayote and bottle gourd compared to bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber. The activity of POD (60–80%), SOD (30–35%), PPO (70–75%), and CAT (40–50%) were high in infected chayote and bottle gourd tissue, representing resistance against infestation, while bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber exhibited comparatively lower activity suggesting susceptibility to melon fly infection. The antioxidant properties were also high in the resistant cucurbits compared to the susceptible cucurbits. The current research has enlightened the importance of redox-regulatory pathways involving ROS neutralization through infection-induced antioxidative enzymes in host cucurbit resistance. The melon fly infestation depicts the possible induction of pathways that upregulate the production of defensive enzymes and antioxidants as a defensive strategy against melon fly infestation in resistant cucurbits.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6345melon flyROSantioxidantdefensive enzymesphenols and flavonoidssuperoxide dismutase |
| spellingShingle | Madhusudana Somegowda S. Raghavendra Shankarappa Sridhara Achur. N. Rajeshwara Siddanakoppalu. N. Pramod S. Shivashankar Feng Lin Tarek K Zin El-Abedin Shabir Hussain Wani Hosam O. Elansary Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants Molecules melon fly ROS antioxidant defensive enzymes phenols and flavonoids superoxide dismutase |
| title | Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants |
| title_full | Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants |
| title_fullStr | Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants |
| title_short | Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly (<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i>) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants |
| title_sort | defensive mechanisms in cucurbits against melon fly i bactrocera cucurbitae i infestation through excessive production of defensive enzymes and antioxidants |
| topic | melon fly ROS antioxidant defensive enzymes phenols and flavonoids superoxide dismutase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6345 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT madhusudanasomegowda defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT sraghavendra defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT shankarappasridhara defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT achurnrajeshwara defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT siddanakoppalunpramod defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT sshivashankar defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT fenglin defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT tarekkzinelabedin defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT shabirhussainwani defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants AT hosamoelansary defensivemechanismsincucurbitsagainstmelonflyibactroceracucurbitaeiinfestationthroughexcessiveproductionofdefensiveenzymesandantioxidants |