Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river
Water plays a major role in supporting the wellness and life processes in living things as well as in the ecological structure’s stabilities. However, several environmental scientists have recounted the alarming menace unfit water quality portends as well as the shortfalls of its global utilization...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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PeerJ Inc.
2021-11-01
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| Series: | PeerJ |
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/12487.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797421782593961984 |
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| author | Osikemekha Anthony Anani John Ovie Olomukoro |
| author_facet | Osikemekha Anthony Anani John Ovie Olomukoro |
| author_sort | Osikemekha Anthony Anani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water plays a major role in supporting the wellness and life processes in living things as well as in the ecological structure’s stabilities. However, several environmental scientists have recounted the alarming menace unfit water quality portends as well as the shortfalls of its global utilization in various spheres of life. This study aims to determine the fitness of the Ossiomo River and its likely health risk impact when consumed or used for other domestic purposes. The outcome of the physicochemical and heavy metal characterization showed that most of the parameters surpassed the slated benchmarks. Findings from the study revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) for water temperature, color, TDS, BOD5, HCO3, Na, Fe, Mn, and THC across the four stations respectively. Meanwhile, pH, salinity, turbidity, TSS, DO, Cl, P, NH4H, NO2, NO3, SO4, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and V showed no significant (p > 0.05) across the four stations respectively. The pH level of the water was slightly acidic at the range of 4.40–6.82. The outcome of the computed water quality index showed that station 1 (66.38) was poor for human ingestion which was above the set slated benchmarks of 26–50. However, stations 2–4 (163.79, 161.79, and 129.95) were unsuitable for drinking which was above the set slated benchmarks of 100. The outcome of the health risk evaluation revealed that the hazard quotients (HQs) were considered greater than 1 (>1) for Cr (2.55). The hazard index (0.46) via the dermal pathway was <1 while the ingestion (4.35) pathway was >1. The sum of the HQs (4.81) was also > 1. Thus, there are possible non-carcinogenic health risks via direct ingestion of the water. The outcome from the carcinogenic risk for Pb, Cr, and Cd (6 × 10–3, 4.00 × 10–1, and 1.22 × 100), was somewhat greater than the target goal (1.0 × 10–6 to 1.0 × 10–4) of carcinogenic risks stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, respectively, especially for Cd. There might be a potential carcinogenic risk if the water is consumed when the metal contents are higher than the target limits set. Sustainable farming and treatment of wastes from industrial outputs should be the main management of this watercourse. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T07:22:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e590a4e00a7940748a898c2b67a41243 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T07:22:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e590a4e00a7940748a898c2b67a412432023-12-03T07:16:03ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592021-11-019e1248710.7717/peerj.12487Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta riverOsikemekha Anthony Anani0John Ovie Olomukoro1Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Forensic Biology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo State University Uzairue, Auchi, NigeriaDepartment of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State NigeriaWater plays a major role in supporting the wellness and life processes in living things as well as in the ecological structure’s stabilities. However, several environmental scientists have recounted the alarming menace unfit water quality portends as well as the shortfalls of its global utilization in various spheres of life. This study aims to determine the fitness of the Ossiomo River and its likely health risk impact when consumed or used for other domestic purposes. The outcome of the physicochemical and heavy metal characterization showed that most of the parameters surpassed the slated benchmarks. Findings from the study revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) for water temperature, color, TDS, BOD5, HCO3, Na, Fe, Mn, and THC across the four stations respectively. Meanwhile, pH, salinity, turbidity, TSS, DO, Cl, P, NH4H, NO2, NO3, SO4, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and V showed no significant (p > 0.05) across the four stations respectively. The pH level of the water was slightly acidic at the range of 4.40–6.82. The outcome of the computed water quality index showed that station 1 (66.38) was poor for human ingestion which was above the set slated benchmarks of 26–50. However, stations 2–4 (163.79, 161.79, and 129.95) were unsuitable for drinking which was above the set slated benchmarks of 100. The outcome of the health risk evaluation revealed that the hazard quotients (HQs) were considered greater than 1 (>1) for Cr (2.55). The hazard index (0.46) via the dermal pathway was <1 while the ingestion (4.35) pathway was >1. The sum of the HQs (4.81) was also > 1. Thus, there are possible non-carcinogenic health risks via direct ingestion of the water. The outcome from the carcinogenic risk for Pb, Cr, and Cd (6 × 10–3, 4.00 × 10–1, and 1.22 × 100), was somewhat greater than the target goal (1.0 × 10–6 to 1.0 × 10–4) of carcinogenic risks stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, respectively, especially for Cd. There might be a potential carcinogenic risk if the water is consumed when the metal contents are higher than the target limits set. Sustainable farming and treatment of wastes from industrial outputs should be the main management of this watercourse.https://peerj.com/articles/12487.pdfHealth riskWater Quality IndexCarcinogenic risk factorsHeavy metalsQuality control. |
| spellingShingle | Osikemekha Anthony Anani John Ovie Olomukoro Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river PeerJ Health risk Water Quality Index Carcinogenic risk factors Heavy metals Quality control. |
| title | Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river |
| title_full | Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river |
| title_fullStr | Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river |
| title_full_unstemmed | Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river |
| title_short | Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river |
| title_sort | probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river |
| topic | Health risk Water Quality Index Carcinogenic risk factors Heavy metals Quality control. |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/12487.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT osikemekhaanthonyanani probabilisticriskassessmentandwaterqualityindexofatropicaldeltariver AT johnovieolomukoro probabilisticriskassessmentandwaterqualityindexofatropicaldeltariver |