Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review
Uncontrolled chronic inflammation results in cardiovascular disease and early death. In this review, we studied the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system, including the early and accelerated development of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, focusing on the inflamm...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/9/1550 |
| _version_ | 1827725448759476224 |
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| author | Dražen Bedeković Ivica Bošnjak Sandra Šarić Damir Kirner Srđan Novak |
| author_facet | Dražen Bedeković Ivica Bošnjak Sandra Šarić Damir Kirner Srđan Novak |
| author_sort | Dražen Bedeković |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Uncontrolled chronic inflammation results in cardiovascular disease and early death. In this review, we studied the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system, including the early and accelerated development of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, focusing on the inflammatory mechanisms leading to arterial wall damage, rapid atherosclerotic plaque formation, and thrombosis. Furthermore, the effect of medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system was studied. The effect of chronic inflammation and medication on traditional cardiovascular risk factors is not the main subject of this review. We observed that uncontrolled chronic inflammation and some medications directly impact all the stages of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, reducing inflammation and maintaining long-term remission in rheumatoid arthritis may prevent early atherosclerosis. We believe that this review will encourage a better interdisciplinary approach to the management of these patients and further research in this field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:29:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e5aeb68c19ca4bf88a9b875a87640e5b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:29:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-e5aeb68c19ca4bf88a9b875a87640e5b2023-11-19T11:51:31ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-08-01599155010.3390/medicina59091550Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A ReviewDražen Bedeković0Ivica Bošnjak1Sandra Šarić2Damir Kirner3Srđan Novak4Department of Cardiovascular Diseases Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaUncontrolled chronic inflammation results in cardiovascular disease and early death. In this review, we studied the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system, including the early and accelerated development of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, focusing on the inflammatory mechanisms leading to arterial wall damage, rapid atherosclerotic plaque formation, and thrombosis. Furthermore, the effect of medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system was studied. The effect of chronic inflammation and medication on traditional cardiovascular risk factors is not the main subject of this review. We observed that uncontrolled chronic inflammation and some medications directly impact all the stages of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, reducing inflammation and maintaining long-term remission in rheumatoid arthritis may prevent early atherosclerosis. We believe that this review will encourage a better interdisciplinary approach to the management of these patients and further research in this field.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/9/1550rheumatoid arthritischronic inflammation mechanismscardiovascular riskcardiovascular mortalitymedications used in rheumatoid arthritis |
| spellingShingle | Dražen Bedeković Ivica Bošnjak Sandra Šarić Damir Kirner Srđan Novak Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review Medicina rheumatoid arthritis chronic inflammation mechanisms cardiovascular risk cardiovascular mortality medications used in rheumatoid arthritis |
| title | Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review |
| title_full | Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review |
| title_short | Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review |
| title_sort | role of inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis and development of atherosclerosis a review |
| topic | rheumatoid arthritis chronic inflammation mechanisms cardiovascular risk cardiovascular mortality medications used in rheumatoid arthritis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/9/1550 |
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