Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults
Lead and its effects on cardiovascular-related markers were explored in this cross-sectional study of young adults (18−44 years) and middle-aged adults (45−65 years) from the United States using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009−2016. D...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Medical Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/7/11/103 |
| _version_ | 1819045734606962688 |
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| author | Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| author_facet | Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| author_sort | Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lead and its effects on cardiovascular-related markers were explored in this cross-sectional study of young adults (18−44 years) and middle-aged adults (45−65 years) from the United States using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009−2016. Degrees of exposure were created using blood lead level (BLL) as the biomarker of exposure based on the epidemiologically relevant threshold of BLL > 5 μg/dL. The mean values, in addition to the percentages of people represented for the markers of interest (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [non-HDL-C]) were explored. Among those exposed to lead, the likelihood of elevated clinical markers (as defined by clinically relevant thresholds of above normal) were examined using binary logistic regression. In exploring exposure at the 5 μg/dL levels, there were significant differences in all the mean variables of interest between young and middle-aged adults. The binary logistic regression showed young and middle-aged adults exposed to lead were significantly more likely to have elevated markers (apart from DBP). In all, lead affects cardiovascular-related markers in young and middle-aged U.S. adults and thus we must continue to monitor lead exposure to promote health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T10:33:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e5b226b4d6af45e98b0bb3bf5ca2d306 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3271 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T10:33:17Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medical Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e5b226b4d6af45e98b0bb3bf5ca2d3062022-12-21T19:07:08ZengMDPI AGMedical Sciences2076-32712019-11-0171110310.3390/medsci7110103medsci7110103Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged AdultsEmmanuel Obeng-Gyasi0Environmental Health and Safety Program, Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USALead and its effects on cardiovascular-related markers were explored in this cross-sectional study of young adults (18−44 years) and middle-aged adults (45−65 years) from the United States using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009−2016. Degrees of exposure were created using blood lead level (BLL) as the biomarker of exposure based on the epidemiologically relevant threshold of BLL > 5 μg/dL. The mean values, in addition to the percentages of people represented for the markers of interest (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [non-HDL-C]) were explored. Among those exposed to lead, the likelihood of elevated clinical markers (as defined by clinically relevant thresholds of above normal) were examined using binary logistic regression. In exploring exposure at the 5 μg/dL levels, there were significant differences in all the mean variables of interest between young and middle-aged adults. The binary logistic regression showed young and middle-aged adults exposed to lead were significantly more likely to have elevated markers (apart from DBP). In all, lead affects cardiovascular-related markers in young and middle-aged U.S. adults and thus we must continue to monitor lead exposure to promote health.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/7/11/103lead exposurelead young adultlead middle-aged adultlead cardiovascular |
| spellingShingle | Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults Medical Sciences lead exposure lead young adult lead middle-aged adult lead cardiovascular |
| title | Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults |
| title_full | Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults |
| title_fullStr | Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults |
| title_short | Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults |
| title_sort | lead exposure and cardiovascular disease among young and middle aged adults |
| topic | lead exposure lead young adult lead middle-aged adult lead cardiovascular |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/7/11/103 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT emmanuelobenggyasi leadexposureandcardiovasculardiseaseamongyoungandmiddleagedadults |