Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract Groundwater depletion is an emerging problem worldwide due to changes in climate and an increase in urbanization. Two significant water-bearing formations, the Oligocene-aged Nari and the Miocene-aged Gaj, were utilized as a case study exposed near Karachi, Pakistan. Groundwater budgeting w...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Applied Water Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01795-0 |
| _version_ | 1811329118929682432 |
|---|---|
| author | Muhammad Tayyab Sohail Asrar Hussan Muhsan Ehsan Nadhir Al-Ansari Malik Muhammad Akhter Zaira Manzoor Ahmed Elbeltagi |
| author_facet | Muhammad Tayyab Sohail Asrar Hussan Muhsan Ehsan Nadhir Al-Ansari Malik Muhammad Akhter Zaira Manzoor Ahmed Elbeltagi |
| author_sort | Muhammad Tayyab Sohail |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Groundwater depletion is an emerging problem worldwide due to changes in climate and an increase in urbanization. Two significant water-bearing formations, the Oligocene-aged Nari and the Miocene-aged Gaj, were utilized as a case study exposed near Karachi, Pakistan. Groundwater budgeting was performed through a classical equation. The inflow of groundwater in the formations was calculated by thermo-pluviometric data and water loss of Hub Dam. The potential of evapotranspiration (PET) was calculated by the Thornthwaite method. The groundwater inflow from Hub Dam was estimated by using 20 years of annual water loss data by removing PET. The total mean annual inflow of groundwater in the formations was 2414.12 US Gallons per Second (gps). The annual mean outflow was estimated by calculation of groundwater usage for industries and domestic purposes and the mean annual groundwater outflow was 5562.61 US gps and an annual deficit of groundwater was 3148.5 US gps. The research is composed of validating the groundwater budget. Direct Current Electrical Resistivity (DCER) and static water level data from existing industrial wells were used for groundwater maps. The DCER data indicates A-Type and K-Type sub-surface with high resistivity in the three-layer model. The average water table of residential areas in 2019 was 60 m and in industrial areas was 130 m. The oscillation of the groundwater table over the last 20 years and the deficit of the groundwater budget shows an alarming condition for the future. If the same scenario persists, then by 2025, the water table will decline up to 140 m. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T15:37:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e5c9aa871942453c8ef42a30652bd989 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2190-5487 2190-5495 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T15:37:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Water Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-e5c9aa871942453c8ef42a30652bd9892022-12-22T02:41:14ZengSpringerOpenApplied Water Science2190-54872190-54952022-11-01121212410.1007/s13201-022-01795-0Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, PakistanMuhammad Tayyab Sohail0Asrar Hussan1Muhsan Ehsan2Nadhir Al-Ansari3Malik Muhammad Akhter4Zaira Manzoor5Ahmed Elbeltagi6School of Public Administration, Xiangtan UniversityDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria UniversityDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria UniversityCivil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Sciences, FLSI, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS)Department of Govt & Public Policy (GPP), Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University (NDU)Agricultural Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura UniversityAbstract Groundwater depletion is an emerging problem worldwide due to changes in climate and an increase in urbanization. Two significant water-bearing formations, the Oligocene-aged Nari and the Miocene-aged Gaj, were utilized as a case study exposed near Karachi, Pakistan. Groundwater budgeting was performed through a classical equation. The inflow of groundwater in the formations was calculated by thermo-pluviometric data and water loss of Hub Dam. The potential of evapotranspiration (PET) was calculated by the Thornthwaite method. The groundwater inflow from Hub Dam was estimated by using 20 years of annual water loss data by removing PET. The total mean annual inflow of groundwater in the formations was 2414.12 US Gallons per Second (gps). The annual mean outflow was estimated by calculation of groundwater usage for industries and domestic purposes and the mean annual groundwater outflow was 5562.61 US gps and an annual deficit of groundwater was 3148.5 US gps. The research is composed of validating the groundwater budget. Direct Current Electrical Resistivity (DCER) and static water level data from existing industrial wells were used for groundwater maps. The DCER data indicates A-Type and K-Type sub-surface with high resistivity in the three-layer model. The average water table of residential areas in 2019 was 60 m and in industrial areas was 130 m. The oscillation of the groundwater table over the last 20 years and the deficit of the groundwater budget shows an alarming condition for the future. If the same scenario persists, then by 2025, the water table will decline up to 140 m.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01795-0Groundwater budgetingGroundwater mappingInflowOutflowDirect current electrical resistivity |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Tayyab Sohail Asrar Hussan Muhsan Ehsan Nadhir Al-Ansari Malik Muhammad Akhter Zaira Manzoor Ahmed Elbeltagi Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan Applied Water Science Groundwater budgeting Groundwater mapping Inflow Outflow Direct current electrical resistivity |
| title | Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan |
| title_full | Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan |
| title_short | Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan |
| title_sort | groundwater budgeting of nari and gaj formations and groundwater mapping of karachi pakistan |
| topic | Groundwater budgeting Groundwater mapping Inflow Outflow Direct current electrical resistivity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01795-0 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadtayyabsohail groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan AT asrarhussan groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan AT muhsanehsan groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan AT nadhiralansari groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan AT malikmuhammadakhter groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan AT zairamanzoor groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan AT ahmedelbeltagi groundwaterbudgetingofnariandgajformationsandgroundwatermappingofkarachipakistan |