Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead
Metastatic melanoma is the most aggressive and difficult to treat type of skin cancer, with a survival rate of less than 10%. Metastatic melanoma has conventionally been considered very difficult to treat; however, recent progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in th...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/6/1450 |
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| author | Tahereh Soltantoyeh Behnia Akbari Amirali Karimi Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani Navid Ghahri-Saremi Jamshid Hadjati Michael R. Hamblin Hamid Reza Mirzaei |
| author_facet | Tahereh Soltantoyeh Behnia Akbari Amirali Karimi Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani Navid Ghahri-Saremi Jamshid Hadjati Michael R. Hamblin Hamid Reza Mirzaei |
| author_sort | Tahereh Soltantoyeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metastatic melanoma is the most aggressive and difficult to treat type of skin cancer, with a survival rate of less than 10%. Metastatic melanoma has conventionally been considered very difficult to treat; however, recent progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis, metastasis and immune escape have led to the introduction of new therapies. These include targeted molecular therapy and novel immune-based approaches such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and genetically engineered T-lymphocytes such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Among these, CAR T cell therapy has recently made promising strides towards the treatment of advanced hematological and solid cancers. Although CAR T cell therapy might offer new hope for melanoma patients, it is not without its shortcomings, which include off-target toxicity, and the emergence of resistance to therapy (e.g., due to antigen loss), leading to eventual relapse. The present review will not only describe the basic steps of melanoma metastasis, but also discuss how CAR T cells could treat metastatic melanoma. We will outline specific strategies including combination approaches that could be used to overcome some limitations of CAR T cell therapy for metastatic melanoma. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:33:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e5dbf7f728794392b466c21586b89b7c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:33:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-e5dbf7f728794392b466c21586b89b7c2023-11-21T23:28:35ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-06-01106145010.3390/cells10061450Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road AheadTahereh Soltantoyeh0Behnia Akbari1Amirali Karimi2Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani3Navid Ghahri-Saremi4Jamshid Hadjati5Michael R. Hamblin6Hamid Reza Mirzaei7Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranDepartment of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranSchool of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranDepartment of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranDepartment of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranDepartment of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranLaser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranMetastatic melanoma is the most aggressive and difficult to treat type of skin cancer, with a survival rate of less than 10%. Metastatic melanoma has conventionally been considered very difficult to treat; however, recent progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis, metastasis and immune escape have led to the introduction of new therapies. These include targeted molecular therapy and novel immune-based approaches such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and genetically engineered T-lymphocytes such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Among these, CAR T cell therapy has recently made promising strides towards the treatment of advanced hematological and solid cancers. Although CAR T cell therapy might offer new hope for melanoma patients, it is not without its shortcomings, which include off-target toxicity, and the emergence of resistance to therapy (e.g., due to antigen loss), leading to eventual relapse. The present review will not only describe the basic steps of melanoma metastasis, but also discuss how CAR T cells could treat metastatic melanoma. We will outline specific strategies including combination approaches that could be used to overcome some limitations of CAR T cell therapy for metastatic melanoma.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/6/1450metastatic melanomachimeric antigen receptor T cellsimmunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Tahereh Soltantoyeh Behnia Akbari Amirali Karimi Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani Navid Ghahri-Saremi Jamshid Hadjati Michael R. Hamblin Hamid Reza Mirzaei Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead Cells metastatic melanoma chimeric antigen receptor T cells immunotherapy |
| title | Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead |
| title_full | Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead |
| title_fullStr | Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead |
| title_short | Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead |
| title_sort | chimeric antigen receptor car t cell therapy for metastatic melanoma challenges and road ahead |
| topic | metastatic melanoma chimeric antigen receptor T cells immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/6/1450 |
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