| Summary: | Prolonged shade during the reproductive stage can result in significant yield losses in rice. For this study, we elucidated the role of microRNAs in prolonged-shade tolerance (~20 days of shade) in a shade-tolerant rice variety, Swarnaprabha (SP), in its reproductive stage using small RNA and degradome sequencing with expression analysis using microarray and qRT-PCR. This study demonstrates that miRNA (miR) regulation for shade-tolerance predominately comprises the deactivation of the miR itself, leading to the upregulation of their targets. Up- and downregulated differentially expressed miRs (DEms) presented drastic differences in the category of targets based on the function and pathway in which they are involved. Moreover, neutrally regulated and uniquely expressed miRs also contributed to the shade-tolerance response by altering the differential expression of their targets, probably due to their differential binding affinities. The upregulated DEms mostly targeted the cell wall, membrane, cytoskeleton, and cellulose synthesis-related transcripts, and the downregulated DEms targeted the transcripts of photosynthesis, carbon and sugar metabolism, energy metabolism, and amino acid and protein metabolism. We identified 16 miRNAs with 21 target pairs, whose actions may significantly contribute to the shade-tolerance phenotype and sustainable yield of SP. The most notable among these were found to be <i>miR5493</i>-<i>OsSLAC</i> and <i>miR5144</i>-<i>OsLOG1</i> for enhanced panicle size, <i>miR5493</i>-<i>OsBRITTLE1-1</i> for grain formation, miR6245-<i>OsCsIF9</i> for decreased stem mechanical strength, <i>miR5487</i>-<i>OsGns9</i> and <i>miR168b</i>-<i>OsCP1</i> for better pollen development, and <i>miR172b</i>-<i>OsbHLH153</i> for hyponasty under shade.
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