Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting
Traveling with children with autism can be very challenging for parents due to their reactions to sensory stimuli resulting in behavioral problems, which lead to self-injury and danger for themselves and others. Deep pressure was reported to have a calming effect on people with autism. This study wa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/9/4/157 |
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| author | Ilham Yustar Afif Aloysius Raynaldo Manik Kristian Munthe Mohamad Izzur Maula Muhammad Imam Ammarullah Jamari Jamari Tri Indah Winarni |
| author_facet | Ilham Yustar Afif Aloysius Raynaldo Manik Kristian Munthe Mohamad Izzur Maula Muhammad Imam Ammarullah Jamari Jamari Tri Indah Winarni |
| author_sort | Ilham Yustar Afif |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traveling with children with autism can be very challenging for parents due to their reactions to sensory stimuli resulting in behavioral problems, which lead to self-injury and danger for themselves and others. Deep pressure was reported to have a calming effect on people with autism. This study was designed to investigate the physiological effect of deep pressure, which is an autism hug machine portable seat (AHMPS) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in public transportation settings. The study was conducted with 20 children with ASD (16 boys and 4 girls) at the Semarang Public Special School with an age ranging from 4 to 13 years (mean 10.9 ± 2.26 years), who were randomly assigned into two groups. The experiment consisted of group I who used the AHMPS inflatable wraps model and group II who used the AHMPS manual pull model. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were analyzed to measure the physiological calming effect using pulse oximeter oximetry and a galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor. Heart rate was significantly decreased during the treatment compared to the baseline (pre-test) session in group I (inflating wrap model) with <i>p</i> = 0.019, while no change of heart rate variability (HRV) was found in group II (manual pull model) with <i>p</i> = 0.111. There was no remaining effect of deep pressure using the HRV indicator after the treatment in both groups (group I with <i>p</i> = 0.159 and group II with <i>p</i> = 0.566). GSR captured the significant decrease in skin conductance during the treatment with <i>p</i> < 0.0001 in group I, but no significant decrease was recorded in group II with <i>p</i> = 0.062. A skin conductance indicator captured the remaining effect of deep pressure (after the treatment); it was better in group I (<i>p</i> = 0.003) than in group II (<i>p</i> = 0.773). In conclusion, the deep pressure of the AHMPS inflating wrap decreases physiological arousal in children with ASD during traveling. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:09:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e60c2bb22d6145d6a064fded88ec2f8a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:09:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-e60c2bb22d6145d6a064fded88ec2f8a2023-12-01T00:49:25ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542022-04-019415710.3390/bioengineering9040157Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation SettingIlham Yustar Afif0Aloysius Raynaldo Manik1Kristian Munthe2Mohamad Izzur Maula3Muhammad Imam Ammarullah4Jamari Jamari5Tri Indah Winarni6Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaUndip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaUndip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaUndip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaUndip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, IndonesiaTraveling with children with autism can be very challenging for parents due to their reactions to sensory stimuli resulting in behavioral problems, which lead to self-injury and danger for themselves and others. Deep pressure was reported to have a calming effect on people with autism. This study was designed to investigate the physiological effect of deep pressure, which is an autism hug machine portable seat (AHMPS) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in public transportation settings. The study was conducted with 20 children with ASD (16 boys and 4 girls) at the Semarang Public Special School with an age ranging from 4 to 13 years (mean 10.9 ± 2.26 years), who were randomly assigned into two groups. The experiment consisted of group I who used the AHMPS inflatable wraps model and group II who used the AHMPS manual pull model. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were analyzed to measure the physiological calming effect using pulse oximeter oximetry and a galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor. Heart rate was significantly decreased during the treatment compared to the baseline (pre-test) session in group I (inflating wrap model) with <i>p</i> = 0.019, while no change of heart rate variability (HRV) was found in group II (manual pull model) with <i>p</i> = 0.111. There was no remaining effect of deep pressure using the HRV indicator after the treatment in both groups (group I with <i>p</i> = 0.159 and group II with <i>p</i> = 0.566). GSR captured the significant decrease in skin conductance during the treatment with <i>p</i> < 0.0001 in group I, but no significant decrease was recorded in group II with <i>p</i> = 0.062. A skin conductance indicator captured the remaining effect of deep pressure (after the treatment); it was better in group I (<i>p</i> = 0.003) than in group II (<i>p</i> = 0.773). In conclusion, the deep pressure of the AHMPS inflating wrap decreases physiological arousal in children with ASD during traveling.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/9/4/157autism spectrum disorderarousaltravelingdeep pressureheart rateskin conductance |
| spellingShingle | Ilham Yustar Afif Aloysius Raynaldo Manik Kristian Munthe Mohamad Izzur Maula Muhammad Imam Ammarullah Jamari Jamari Tri Indah Winarni Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting Bioengineering autism spectrum disorder arousal traveling deep pressure heart rate skin conductance |
| title | Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting |
| title_full | Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting |
| title_fullStr | Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting |
| title_short | Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting |
| title_sort | physiological effect of deep pressure in reducing anxiety of children with asd during traveling a public transportation setting |
| topic | autism spectrum disorder arousal traveling deep pressure heart rate skin conductance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/9/4/157 |
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