Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review
Osteoporosis, or bone loss, is a disease that affects many women globally. As life expectancy increases, the risk of osteoporosis in women also increases, too, and this will create a burden on the healthcare and economic sectors of a country. Osteoporosis was once thought to be a disease that would...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/11/2179 |
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| author | Gengfan Liang Audrey Siew Foong Kow Chau Ling Tham Yu-Cheng Ho Ming Tatt Lee |
| author_facet | Gengfan Liang Audrey Siew Foong Kow Chau Ling Tham Yu-Cheng Ho Ming Tatt Lee |
| author_sort | Gengfan Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Osteoporosis, or bone loss, is a disease that affects many women globally. As life expectancy increases, the risk of osteoporosis in women also increases, too, and this will create a burden on the healthcare and economic sectors of a country. Osteoporosis was once thought to be a disease that would occur only after menopause. However, many studies have shown that osteoporosis may develop even in the perimenopausal stage. Due to the erratic levels of estrogen and progesterone during the perimenopausal stage, studies suggest that women are exposed to the risk of developing osteoporosis even at this stage. The erratic hormonal changes result in the production of proinflammatory mediators and cause oxidative stress, which leads to the progressive loss of bone-building activities. Tocotrienols, members of vitamin E, have many health-promoting properties. Due to their powerful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, tocotrienols have shown positive anti-osteoporotic properties in post-menopausal studies. Hence, we propose here that tocotrienols could also possibly alleviate perimenopausal osteoporosis by discussing in this review the connection between inflammatory mediators produced during perimenopause and the risk of osteoporosis. Tocotrienols could potentially be an anti-osteoporotic agent, but due to their low bioavailability, they have not been as effective as they could be. Several approaches have been evaluated to overcome this issue, as presented in this review. As the anti-osteoporotic effects of tocotrienols were mostly studied in post-menopausal models, we hope that this review could pave the way for more research to be done to evaluate their effect on peri-menopausal models so as to reduce the risk of osteoporosis from an earlier stage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:19:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e61c11fbb42b48409c1ad8ee22767431 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:19:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-e61c11fbb42b48409c1ad8ee227674312023-11-24T03:30:30ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-11-011111217910.3390/antiox11112179Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A ReviewGengfan Liang0Audrey Siew Foong Kow1Chau Ling Tham2Yu-Cheng Ho3Ming Tatt Lee4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, TaiwanFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaOsteoporosis, or bone loss, is a disease that affects many women globally. As life expectancy increases, the risk of osteoporosis in women also increases, too, and this will create a burden on the healthcare and economic sectors of a country. Osteoporosis was once thought to be a disease that would occur only after menopause. However, many studies have shown that osteoporosis may develop even in the perimenopausal stage. Due to the erratic levels of estrogen and progesterone during the perimenopausal stage, studies suggest that women are exposed to the risk of developing osteoporosis even at this stage. The erratic hormonal changes result in the production of proinflammatory mediators and cause oxidative stress, which leads to the progressive loss of bone-building activities. Tocotrienols, members of vitamin E, have many health-promoting properties. Due to their powerful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, tocotrienols have shown positive anti-osteoporotic properties in post-menopausal studies. Hence, we propose here that tocotrienols could also possibly alleviate perimenopausal osteoporosis by discussing in this review the connection between inflammatory mediators produced during perimenopause and the risk of osteoporosis. Tocotrienols could potentially be an anti-osteoporotic agent, but due to their low bioavailability, they have not been as effective as they could be. Several approaches have been evaluated to overcome this issue, as presented in this review. As the anti-osteoporotic effects of tocotrienols were mostly studied in post-menopausal models, we hope that this review could pave the way for more research to be done to evaluate their effect on peri-menopausal models so as to reduce the risk of osteoporosis from an earlier stage.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/11/2179antioxidantvitamin Eestrogenbone healthosteoporosisperimenopause |
| spellingShingle | Gengfan Liang Audrey Siew Foong Kow Chau Ling Tham Yu-Cheng Ho Ming Tatt Lee Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review Antioxidants antioxidant vitamin E estrogen bone health osteoporosis perimenopause |
| title | Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review |
| title_full | Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review |
| title_short | Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review |
| title_sort | ameliorative effect of tocotrienols on perimenopausal associated osteoporosis a review |
| topic | antioxidant vitamin E estrogen bone health osteoporosis perimenopause |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/11/2179 |
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