Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems
A Shape-From-Focus (SFF) is a three-dimensional imaging method based on focus information. It is not yet widely used for in-line industrial inspection or measurement tasks. The main reasons are the time it takes to capture a 3D image of the inspected product and the presence of interference affectin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/4/1374 |
| _version_ | 1797299059182010368 |
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| author | Andrzej Sioma Bartosz Lenty |
| author_facet | Andrzej Sioma Bartosz Lenty |
| author_sort | Andrzej Sioma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A Shape-From-Focus (SFF) is a three-dimensional imaging method based on focus information. It is not yet widely used for in-line industrial inspection or measurement tasks. The main reasons are the time it takes to capture a 3D image of the inspected product and the presence of interference affecting image quality. This paper compares operators for estimating focus in source images in the scope of their use in constructing an industrial 3D scanner. Interferences were introduced by using additional illuminators and changing the acquisition parameters. The use of industrial-grade cameras, industrial-grade illuminators, and electrically controlled optics are discussed. A novel approach in the research is using an electrically tunable lens to move the position of the image plane during 3D image acquisition. The research was conducted on various surfaces found on typical industrial products. The research showed which focus estimation operators can be applied to SFF imaging within the range of interference considered. It was also confirmed that using the centre of gravity method for scene reconstruction allows for an increase in resolution compared to the maximum method. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:45:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e622de19c5004f27a56e64194f3b0713 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:45:02Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e622de19c5004f27a56e64194f3b07132024-02-23T15:05:47ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-02-01144137410.3390/app14041374Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging SystemsAndrzej Sioma0Bartosz Lenty1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandA Shape-From-Focus (SFF) is a three-dimensional imaging method based on focus information. It is not yet widely used for in-line industrial inspection or measurement tasks. The main reasons are the time it takes to capture a 3D image of the inspected product and the presence of interference affecting image quality. This paper compares operators for estimating focus in source images in the scope of their use in constructing an industrial 3D scanner. Interferences were introduced by using additional illuminators and changing the acquisition parameters. The use of industrial-grade cameras, industrial-grade illuminators, and electrically controlled optics are discussed. A novel approach in the research is using an electrically tunable lens to move the position of the image plane during 3D image acquisition. The research was conducted on various surfaces found on typical industrial products. The research showed which focus estimation operators can be applied to SFF imaging within the range of interference considered. It was also confirmed that using the centre of gravity method for scene reconstruction allows for an increase in resolution compared to the maximum method.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/4/1374Shape-From-Focusimagingfocus estimationdepth informationfocus tunable lensesimage processing |
| spellingShingle | Andrzej Sioma Bartosz Lenty Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems Applied Sciences Shape-From-Focus imaging focus estimation depth information focus tunable lenses image processing |
| title | Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems |
| title_full | Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems |
| title_fullStr | Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems |
| title_short | Focus Estimation Methods for Use in Industrial SFF Imaging Systems |
| title_sort | focus estimation methods for use in industrial sff imaging systems |
| topic | Shape-From-Focus imaging focus estimation depth information focus tunable lenses image processing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/4/1374 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT andrzejsioma focusestimationmethodsforuseinindustrialsffimagingsystems AT bartoszlenty focusestimationmethodsforuseinindustrialsffimagingsystems |