Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review
<i>Background:</i> Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. <i>Methods:</i> We incl...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1138 |
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| author | Luca Rossi Giorgio Tiecco Marina Venturini Francesco Castelli Eugenia Quiros-Roldan |
| author_facet | Luca Rossi Giorgio Tiecco Marina Venturini Francesco Castelli Eugenia Quiros-Roldan |
| author_sort | Luca Rossi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background:</i> Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. <i>Methods:</i> We included all articles regarding Orf-associated immunological complications published in peer-reviewed medical journals. We conducted a literature search of the United States National Library of Medicine, PubMed, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, PMC, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials. <i>Results:</i> A total of 16 articles and 44 patients were included, prevalently Caucasian (22, 95.7%) and female (22, 57.9%). The prevailing immunological reaction was erythema multiforme (26, 59.1%), followed by bullous pemphigoid (7, 15.9%). In most cases, the diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical and epidemiological history (29, 65.9%), while a biopsy of secondary lesions was performed in 15 patients (34.1%). A total of 12 (27.3%) patients received a local or systemic treatment for primary lesions. Surgical removal of primary lesion was described in two cases (4.5%). Orf-immune-mediated reactions were treated in 22 cases (50.0%), mostly with topical corticosteroids (12, 70.6%). Clinical improvement was reported for all cases. <i>Conclusions:</i> Orf-related immune reactions can have a varied clinical presentation, and it is important for clinicians to be aware of this in order to make a prompt diagnosis. The main highlight of our work is the presentation of complicated Orf from an infectious diseases specialist’s point of view. A better understanding of the disease and its complications is essential to achieve the correct management of cases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:28:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e62f505e855e4d8cb580eed595ce91c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:28:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-e62f505e855e4d8cb580eed595ce91c42023-11-18T02:32:22ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-04-01115113810.3390/microorganisms11051138Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic ReviewLuca Rossi0Giorgio Tiecco1Marina Venturini2Francesco Castelli3Eugenia Quiros-Roldan4Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy<i>Background:</i> Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. <i>Methods:</i> We included all articles regarding Orf-associated immunological complications published in peer-reviewed medical journals. We conducted a literature search of the United States National Library of Medicine, PubMed, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, PMC, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials. <i>Results:</i> A total of 16 articles and 44 patients were included, prevalently Caucasian (22, 95.7%) and female (22, 57.9%). The prevailing immunological reaction was erythema multiforme (26, 59.1%), followed by bullous pemphigoid (7, 15.9%). In most cases, the diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical and epidemiological history (29, 65.9%), while a biopsy of secondary lesions was performed in 15 patients (34.1%). A total of 12 (27.3%) patients received a local or systemic treatment for primary lesions. Surgical removal of primary lesion was described in two cases (4.5%). Orf-immune-mediated reactions were treated in 22 cases (50.0%), mostly with topical corticosteroids (12, 70.6%). Clinical improvement was reported for all cases. <i>Conclusions:</i> Orf-related immune reactions can have a varied clinical presentation, and it is important for clinicians to be aware of this in order to make a prompt diagnosis. The main highlight of our work is the presentation of complicated Orf from an infectious diseases specialist’s point of view. A better understanding of the disease and its complications is essential to achieve the correct management of cases.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1138Orfecthyma contagiosumpustular dermatitisbullousautoimmuneerythema multiforme |
| spellingShingle | Luca Rossi Giorgio Tiecco Marina Venturini Francesco Castelli Eugenia Quiros-Roldan Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review Microorganisms Orf ecthyma contagiosum pustular dermatitis bullous autoimmune erythema multiforme |
| title | Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | human orf with immune mediated reactions a systematic review |
| topic | Orf ecthyma contagiosum pustular dermatitis bullous autoimmune erythema multiforme |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1138 |
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